Επαναστάσεις του 1989: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Revolutions of 1989
	the Cold War
Ημερομηνία	4 June 1989 – 26 December 1991; (2 έτη, 6 μήνες, 3 εβδομάδες και 1 ημέρα)
Τόπος	Central and Eastern Europe
Αίτια	Political repression; Authoritarianism; Religious persecution; Severe economic crisis; Consumerist pressure;
Στόχοι	Economic reforms including privatisation of state-owned industry; Democracy; Civil liberty; National self-determination; Free and fair elections; Right to recall of elected officials; Political freedoms; Labour rights; Human rights; Open borders; Free markets;
Μέθοδοι	Mass protests; Civil unrest; Riots
Αποτέλεσμα	End of the Soviet Union as a superpower and its dissolution, bringing the Cold War to an end; Dissolution of Warsaw Pact and the Eastern Bloc; New world order as the United States became the world's sole superpower; Formation of the Russian Federation and 14 other states from the former Soviet Union; Dismantling of the command economies and privatization of state-owned industry; Transfer of power to pro-capitalist governments in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Mongolia and Albania; Communists recast themselves into adherents of social democracy and democratic socialism; Reunification of Germany; Unification of Yemen; Breakup of Czechoslovakia; Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars; Scepticism about Communism all over the world associated with decreasing support for various Communist and left-wing parties, especially in Europe and Asia: collapse of Communism in Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia and Yemen; The spread of Western culture and capitalism to previously sealed-off Communist countries, including Russia and Eastern Europe; Expansion of the Internet in former Communist countries; End of the Soviet–Afghan War; Suppression of the Chinese democracy movement; Beginning of the Special Period in Cuba;
Εμπλεκόμενες πλευρές
	Citizens of Eastern Bloc nations
	Citizens of Eastern Bloc nations
	Σχετικά πολυμέσα
	δεδομένα (π • σ • ε )

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Έκδοση από την 17:42, 25 Δεκεμβρίου 2018

Οι επαναστάσεις του 1989 αποτέλεσαν μέρος ενός επαναστατικού κύματος στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1980 και στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1990 που οδήγησε στο τέλος της κομμουνιστικής κυριαρχίας στην Κεντρική και Ανατολική Ευρώπη και πέραν αυτής. Η περίοδος αποκαλείται μερικές φορές Φθινόπωρο των Εθνών,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] ένα παιχνίδι με τον όρο Άνοιξη των Εθνών που μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει τις επαναστάσεις του 1848.

Τα γεγονότα της πλήρους επανάστασης ξεκίνησαν στην Πολωνία το 1989^[9]^[10] και συνεχίστηκε στην Ουγγαρία, την Ανατολική Γερμανία, τη Βουλγαρία, την Τσεχοσλοβακία και τη Ρουμανία. Ένα κοινό χαρακτηριστικό για τις περισσότερες από αυτές τις εξελίξεις ήταν η εκτεταμένη χρήση εκστρατειών πολιτικής αντίστασης, που κατέδειξαν τη λαϊκή αντίθεση στη συνέχιση του μονοκομματικού καθεστώτος και συνέβαλαν στην πίεση για αλλαγή.^[11] Η Ρουμανία ήταν η μόνη χώρα του Ανατολικού Μπλοκ όπου το κομμουνιστικό καθεστώς ανατράπηκε βίαια.^[12] Οι διαμαρτυρίες στην πλατεία Τιενανμέν (Απρίλιος-Ιούνιος 1989) απέτυχαν να διεγείρουν σημαντικές πολιτικές αλλαγές στην Κίνα, αλλά οι επιρροές εικόνες θαρραλέων αντιπαραθέσεων κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της διαμαρτυρίας συνέβαλαν στην πρόκληση γεγονότων σε άλλα μέρη του πλανήτη. Στις 4 Ιουνίου 1989, η συνδικαλιστική οργάνωση Αλληλεγγύη πέτυχε συντριπτική νίκη σε μερικώς ελεύθερες εκλογές στην Πολωνία, οδηγώντας στην ειρηνική πτώση του κομμουνισμού στη χώρα αυτή το καλοκαίρι του 1989. Επίσης, τον Ιούνιο του 1989, η Ουγγαρία άρχισε να αποσυναρμολογεί το τμήμα του Σιδερένιου Παραπετάσματος που βρισκόταν στο έδαφός της, που οδήγησε σε έξοδο Ανατολικογερμανών μέσω της Ουγγαρίας, η οποία αποσταθεροποίησε την Ανατολική Γερμανία. Αυτό οδήγησε σε μαζικές διαδηλώσεις σε πόλεις όπως η Λειψία και στη συνέχεια η πτώση του τείχους του Βερολίνου το Νοέμβριο του 1989, η οποία χρησίμευσε ως συμβολική πύλη για τη γερμανική επανένωση το 1990.

The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991, resulting in eleven new countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) which had declared their independence from the Soviet Union in the course of the year while the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) regained their independence in September 1991. The rest of the Soviet Union, which constituted the bulk of the area, became the Russian Federation in December 1991. Albania and Yugoslavia abandoned Communism between 1990 and 1992. By 1992, Yugoslavia had split into five successor states, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was later renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 and eventually split in 2006 into two states, namely Serbia and Montenegro. Serbia was then further split with the breakaway of the partially recognised state of Kosovo in 2008. Czechoslovakia dissolved three years after the end of Communist rule, splitting peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1992.^[13] The impact of these events made itself felt in several Socialist countries. Communism was abandoned in countries such as Cambodia (1991), Ethiopia (1990), Mongolia (which in 1990 democratically re-elected a Communist government that ran the country until 1996) and South Yemen (1990).

During the adoption of varying forms of market economy, there was a general decline in living standards for many former Communist countries.^[14] Political reforms were varied, but in only four countries were Communist parties able to retain a monopoly on power, namely China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam (North Korea went through a constitutional change in 2009 that made it nominally no longer Communist, but still de facto organised on Stalinist lines). Many communist and socialist organisations in the West turned their guiding principles over to social democracy and democratic socialism. Communist parties in Italy and San Marino suffered and the reformation of the Italian political class took place in the early 1990s. In South America, the Pink tide had instead begun, starting with Venezuela in 1999 and sweeping through the early 2000s. The European political landscape changed drastically, with several former Eastern Bloc countries joining NATO and the European Union, resulting in stronger economic and social integration with Western Europe and the United States.

Παραπομπές

↑ Kochanowicz, Jacek (2006). Berend, Ivan T., επιμ. Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th-20th Centuries. Collected studies: Studies in East-Central Europe. 858li. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. σελ. 198. ISBN 9780754659051. Ανακτήθηκε στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2017. Within the communist world, certain strata of population were particularly sensitive to Western influences. Late communism produced sizable, specific middle classes of relatively well-educated professionals, technicians and even highly skilled blue-collar workers. [...] These classes had no attachment whatsoever to Marxist-Leninist ideology, while they became attracted to the Western way of life. Many members of the ruling 'nomenklatura' shared the same sentiments, as Western consumerism and individualism seemed more attractive to them than communist collective Puritanism. There were two very important consequences of this, one economic, and the second political. The economic one was the attractiveness of consumerism [...]. The political consequence was the pressure to increase the margins of political freedom and public space.
↑ Cross, Gary S. (2000). «1: The Irony of the Century». An All-consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America. New York: Columbia University Press. σελ. 8. ISBN 9780231113120. Ανακτήθηκε στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2017. For East Europeans, the promise of mass consumption was preferable to the nightmare of solidarity even if it meant also the dominance of money and the private control of wealth. In reality, the fall of communism had more to do with the appeals of capitalist consumerism than political democracy.
↑ "Country profile: United States of America". BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
↑ Nedelmann, Birgitta· Sztompka, Piotr (1 Ιανουαρίου 1993). Sociology in Europe: In Search of Identity. Walter de Gruyter. σελίδες 1–. ISBN 978-3-11-013845-0.
↑ Bernhard, Michael· Szlajfer, Henryk (1 Νοεμβρίου 2010). From the Polish Underground: Selections from Krytyka, 1978–1993. Penn State Press. σελίδες 221–. ISBN 0-271-04427-6.
↑ Luciano, Bernadette (2008). Cinema of Silvio Soldini: Dream, Image, Voyage. Troubador. σελίδες 77–. ISBN 978-1-906510-24-4.
↑ Grofman, Bernard (2001). Political Science as Puzzle Solving. University of Michigan Press. σελίδες 85–. ISBN 0-472-08723-1.
↑ Sadurski, Wojciech· Czarnota, Adam· Krygier, Martin (30 Ιουλίου 2006). Spreading Democracy and the Rule of Law?: The Impact of EU Enlargemente for the Rule of Law, Democracy and Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Legal Orders. Springer. σελίδες 285–. ISBN 978-1-4020-3842-6.
↑ Antohi, Sorin; Tismăneanu, Vladimir, «Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution», Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath, Central European University Press, σελ. 85, ISBN 963-9116-71-8, https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN9639116718&id=1pl5T45FwIwC&pg=PA85 .
↑ Boyes, Roger (4 June 2009). «World Agenda: 20 years later, Poland can lead eastern Europe once again». The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/world_agenda/article6430833.ece. Ανακτήθηκε στις 4 June 2009.
↑ Roberts, Adam (1991), Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, Albert Einstein Institution, ISBN 1-880813-04-1, http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html .
↑ Sztompka, Piotr, «Preface», Society in Action: the Theory of Social Becoming, University of Chicago Press, σελ. x, ISBN 0-226-78815-6, https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0226788156&id=sdSw3FgVOS4C&pg=PP16 .
↑ «Yugoslavia», Constitution, GR: CECL, 1992-04-27, http://www.cecl.gr/RigasNetwork/databank/Constitutions/Yugoslavia.html, ανακτήθηκε στις 2013-08-12 .
↑ Vývoj vybraných ukazatelů životní úrovně v České republice v letech 1993 – 2008 (PDF). Praha: Odbor analýz a statistiky. Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí ČR. 2009.

[1] Kochanowicz, Jacek (2006). Berend, Ivan T., επιμ. Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th-20th Centuries. Collected studies: Studies in East-Central Europe. 858li. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. σελ. 198. ISBN 9780754659051. Ανακτήθηκε στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2017. Within the communist world, certain strata of population were particularly sensitive to Western influences. Late communism produced sizable, specific middle classes of relatively well-educated professionals, technicians and even highly skilled blue-collar workers. [...] These classes had no attachment whatsoever to Marxist-Leninist ideology, while they became attracted to the Western way of life. Many members of the ruling 'nomenklatura' shared the same sentiments, as Western consumerism and individualism seemed more attractive to them than communist collective Puritanism. There were two very important consequences of this, one economic, and the second political. The economic one was the attractiveness of consumerism [...]. The political consequence was the pressure to increase the margins of political freedom and public space.

[2] Cross, Gary S. (2000). «1: The Irony of the Century». An All-consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America. New York: Columbia University Press. σελ. 8. ISBN 9780231113120. Ανακτήθηκε στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2017. For East Europeans, the promise of mass consumption was preferable to the nightmare of solidarity even if it meant also the dominance of money and the private control of wealth. In reality, the fall of communism had more to do with the appeals of capitalist consumerism than political democracy.

[3] "Country profile: United States of America". BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2007.

[NedelmannSztompka1993-4] Nedelmann, Birgitta· Sztompka, Piotr (1 Ιανουαρίου 1993). Sociology in Europe: In Search of Identity. Walter de Gruyter. σελίδες 1–. ISBN 978-3-11-013845-0.

[BernhardSzlajfer2010-5] Bernhard, Michael· Szlajfer, Henryk (1 Νοεμβρίου 2010). From the Polish Underground: Selections from Krytyka, 1978–1993. Penn State Press. σελίδες 221–. ISBN 0-271-04427-6.

[Luciano2008-6] Luciano, Bernadette (2008). Cinema of Silvio Soldini: Dream, Image, Voyage. Troubador. σελίδες 77–. ISBN 978-1-906510-24-4.

[Grofman2001-7] Grofman, Bernard (2001). Political Science as Puzzle Solving. University of Michigan Press. σελίδες 85–. ISBN 0-472-08723-1.

[SadurskiCzarnota2006-8] Sadurski, Wojciech· Czarnota, Adam· Krygier, Martin (30 Ιουλίου 2006). Spreading Democracy and the Rule of Law?: The Impact of EU Enlargemente for the Rule of Law, Democracy and Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Legal Orders. Springer. σελίδες 285–. ISBN 978-1-4020-3842-6.

[9] Antohi, Sorin; Tismăneanu, Vladimir, «Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution», Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath, Central European University Press, σελ. 85, ISBN 963-9116-71-8, https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN9639116718&id=1pl5T45FwIwC&pg=PA85 .

[lead-10] Boyes, Roger (4 June 2009). «World Agenda: 20 years later, Poland can lead eastern Europe once again». The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/world_agenda/article6430833.ece. Ανακτήθηκε στις 4 June 2009.

[11] Roberts, Adam (1991), Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, Albert Einstein Institution, ISBN 1-880813-04-1, http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html .

[12] Sztompka, Piotr, «Preface», Society in Action: the Theory of Social Becoming, University of Chicago Press, σελ. x, ISBN 0-226-78815-6, https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0226788156&id=sdSw3FgVOS4C&pg=PP16 .

[13] «Yugoslavia», Constitution, GR: CECL, 1992-04-27, http://www.cecl.gr/RigasNetwork/databank/Constitutions/Yugoslavia.html, ανακτήθηκε στις 2013-08-12 .

[Living_standards_CR-14] Vývoj vybraných ukazatelů životní úrovně v České republice v letech 1993 – 2008 (PDF). Praha: Odbor analýz a statistiky. Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí ČR. 2009.

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@@ Γραμμή 33: / Γραμμή 33: @@
 Οι '''επαναστάσεις του 1989''' αποτέλεσαν μέρος ενός επαναστατικού κύματος στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1980 και στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1990 που οδήγησε στο τέλος της κομμουνιστικής κυριαρχίας στην [[Κεντρική Ευρώπη|Κεντρική]] και [[Ανατολική Ευρώπη]] και πέραν αυτής. Η περίοδος αποκαλείται μερικές φορές '''Φθινόπωρο των Εθνών''',<ref name="NedelmannSztompka1993">{{cite book|title=Sociology in Europe: In Search of Identity|first1=Birgitta|last1=Nedelmann|first2=Piotr|last2=Sztompka|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-013845-0|date=1 January 1993|pages=1–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOqTuIDuuMMC&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="BernhardSzlajfer2010">{{cite book|title=From the Polish Underground: Selections from Krytyka, 1978–1993|first1=Michael|last1=Bernhard|first2=Henryk|last2=Szlajfer|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=0-271-04427-6|date=1 November 2010|pages=221–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YE29dvVxvdgC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref name="Luciano2008">{{cite book|title=Cinema of Silvio Soldini: Dream, Image, Voyage|first=Bernadette|last=Luciano|publisher=Troubador|isbn=978-1-906510-24-4|year=2008|pages=77–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBdKQYm4tyYC&pg=PA77}}</ref><ref name="Grofman2001">{{cite book|title=Political Science as Puzzle Solving|first=Bernard|last=Grofman|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08723-1|year=2001|pages=85–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuIZ0wkeTmIC&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref name="SadurskiCzarnota2006">{{cite book|title=Spreading Democracy and the Rule of Law?: The Impact of EU Enlargemente for the Rule of Law, Democracy and Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Legal Orders|first1=Wojciech|last1=Sadurski|first2=Adam|last2=Czarnota|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-3842-6|date=30 July 2006|pages=285–|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_c9HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285|first3=Martin|last3=Krygier}}</ref> ένα παιχνίδι με τον όρο Άνοιξη των Εθνών που μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει τις [[επαναστάσεις του 1848]].
-The events of the full-blown revolution first began in [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] in 1989<ref>{{Citation|title=Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath|url=https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN9639116718&id=1pl5T45FwIwC&pg=PA85|last1=Antohi|last2=Tismăneanu|first1=Sorin|first2=Vladimir|author1-link=Sorin Antohi|author2-link=Vladimir Tismăneanu|page=85|chapter=Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution|publisher=Central European University Press|ISBN=963-9116-71-8}}.</ref><ref name="lead">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/world_agenda/article6430833.ece|title=World Agenda: 20 years later, Poland can lead eastern Europe once again|last=Boyes|first=Roger|work=The Times|date=4 June 2009|location=UK|accessdate=4 June 2009}}</ref> and continued in [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[East Germany]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of [[civil resistance]], demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of [[one-party rule]] and contributing to the pressure for change.<ref>{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|title=Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions|url=http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|year=1991|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130071418/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|deadurl=yes|publisher=Albert Einstein Institution|format=[[Portable document format|PDF]]|ISBN=1-880813-04-1|archivedate=30 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}.</ref> Romania was the only [[Eastern Bloc]] country whose citizens overthrew its [[Communist regime]] violently.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sztompka|first=Piotr|title=Society in Action: the Theory of Social Becoming|url=https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0226788156&id=sdSw3FgVOS4C&pg=PP16|author-link=Piotr Sztompka|page=x|chapter=Preface|publisher=University of Chicago Press|ISBN=0-226-78815-6}}.</ref> [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Protests in Tiananmen Square]] (April–June 1989) failed to stimulate major political changes in [[China]], but [[Tank man|influential images]] of courageous defiance during that protest helped to precipitate events in other parts of the globe. On 4 June 1989, the trade union [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] won an overwhelming victory in a [[Polish legislative election, 1989|partially free election in Poland]], leading to the peaceful fall of Communism in that country in the summer of 1989. Also in June 1989, Hungary began dismantling its section of the physical [[Iron Curtain]], leading to an exodus of East Germans through Hungary, which destabilised East Germany. This led to mass demonstrations in cities such as [[Leipzig]] and subsequently to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in November 1989, which served as the symbolic gateway to [[German reunification]] in 1990.
+Τα γεγονότα της πλήρους επανάστασης ξεκίνησαν στην [[Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Πολωνίας|Πολωνία]] το 1989<ref>{{Citation|title=Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath|url=https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN9639116718&id=1pl5T45FwIwC&pg=PA85|last1=Antohi|last2=Tismăneanu|first1=Sorin|first2=Vladimir|author1-link=Sorin Antohi|author2-link=Vladimir Tismăneanu|page=85|chapter=Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution|publisher=Central European University Press|ISBN=963-9116-71-8}}.</ref><ref name="lead">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/world_agenda/article6430833.ece|title=World Agenda: 20 years later, Poland can lead eastern Europe once again|last=Boyes|first=Roger|work=The Times|date=4 June 2009|location=UK|accessdate=4 June 2009}}</ref> και συνεχίστηκε στην [[Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας|Ουγγαρία]], την [[Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας|Ανατολική Γερμανία]], τη [[Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Βουλγαρίας|Βουλγαρία]], την [[Τσεχοσλοβακία]] και τη [[Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία της Ρουμανίας|Ρουμανία]]. Ένα κοινό χαρακτηριστικό για τις περισσότερες από αυτές τις εξελίξεις ήταν η εκτεταμένη χρήση εκστρατειών πολιτικής αντίστασης, που κατέδειξαν τη λαϊκή αντίθεση στη συνέχιση του μονοκομματικού καθεστώτος και συνέβαλαν στην πίεση για αλλαγή.<ref>{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Adam|title=Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions|url=http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|year=1991|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130071418/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html|deadurl=yes|publisher=Albert Einstein Institution|format=[[Portable document format|PDF]]|ISBN=1-880813-04-1|archivedate=30 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}.</ref> Η Ρουμανία ήταν η μόνη χώρα του Ανατολικού Μπλοκ όπου το κομμουνιστικό καθεστώς ανατράπηκε βίαια.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sztompka|first=Piotr|title=Society in Action: the Theory of Social Becoming|url=https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0226788156&id=sdSw3FgVOS4C&pg=PP16|author-link=Piotr Sztompka|page=x|chapter=Preface|publisher=University of Chicago Press|ISBN=0-226-78815-6}}.</ref> Οι [[Φοιτητική εξέγερση στην πλατεία Τιεν Αν Μεν|διαμαρτυρίες στην πλατεία Τιενανμέν]] (Απρίλιος-Ιούνιος 1989) απέτυχαν να διεγείρουν σημαντικές πολιτικές αλλαγές στην [[Κίνα]], αλλά οι επιρροές εικόνες θαρραλέων αντιπαραθέσεων κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της διαμαρτυρίας συνέβαλαν στην πρόκληση γεγονότων σε άλλα μέρη του πλανήτη. Στις 4 Ιουνίου 1989, η συνδικαλιστική οργάνωση [[Αλληλεγγύη (συνδικάτο της Πολωνίας)|Αλληλεγγύη]] πέτυχε συντριπτική νίκη σε μερικώς ελεύθερες εκλογές στην Πολωνία, οδηγώντας στην ειρηνική πτώση του κομμουνισμού στη χώρα αυτή το καλοκαίρι του 1989. Επίσης, τον Ιούνιο του 1989, η Ουγγαρία άρχισε να αποσυναρμολογεί το τμήμα του [[Σιδηρούν παραπέτασμα|Σιδερένιου Παραπετάσματος]] που βρισκόταν στο έδαφός της, που οδήγησε σε έξοδο Ανατολικογερμανών μέσω της Ουγγαρίας, η οποία αποσταθεροποίησε την Ανατολική Γερμανία. Αυτό οδήγησε σε μαζικές διαδηλώσεις σε πόλεις όπως η [[Λειψία]] και στη συνέχεια η [[Τείχος του Βερολίνου|πτώση του τείχους του Βερολίνου]] το Νοέμβριο του 1989, η οποία χρησίμευσε ως συμβολική πύλη για τη [[Γερμανική επανένωση|γερμανική επανένωση το 1990]].
 The [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union dissolved]] in December 1991, resulting in eleven new countries ([[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Uzbekistan]]) which had declared their independence from the Soviet Union in the course of the year while the [[Baltic states]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]) [[Occupation of the Baltic states|regained]] their independence in September 1991. The rest of the Soviet Union, which constituted the bulk of the area, became the [[Russian Federation]] in December 1991. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] abandoned Communism between 1990 and 1992. By 1992, Yugoslavia had split into five successor states, namely [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Slovenia]] and the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], which was later renamed [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2003 and eventually split in 2006 into two states, namely [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]. Serbia was then further split with the breakaway of the [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognised]] state of [[Kosovo]] in 2008. [[Czechoslovakia]] dissolved three years after the end of Communist rule, splitting peacefully into the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1992.<ref>{{Citation|title=Constitution|date=1992-04-27|contribution=Yugoslavia|contribution-url=http://www.cecl.gr/RigasNetwork/databank/Constitutions/Yugoslavia.html|place=[[Greece|GR]]|publisher=CECL|accessdate=2013-08-12}}.</ref> The impact of these events made itself felt in several [[Socialist countries]]. Communism was abandoned in countries such as [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition and State of Cambodia (1989–1992)|Cambodia]] (1991), [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] (1990), [[People's Republic of Mongolia|Mongolia]] (which in 1990 [[Mongolian legislative election, 1990|democratically re-elected]] a Communist government that ran the country until [[Mongolian legislative election, 1996|1996]]) and [[South Yemen]] (1990).