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Γραμμή 39: Γραμμή 39:
''Βλέπε επίσης:[[Ιστορία της Βόρειας Ομάχα (Νεμπράσκα)]]''
''Βλέπε επίσης:[[Ιστορία της Βόρειας Ομάχα (Νεμπράσκα)]]''
[[Image:Logan fontenelle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Logan Fontenelle]], αρχηγός της [[Φυλή Ομάχα|Φυλής των Ομάχα]] που παραχώρησεγη στην κυβέρνηση των ΗΠΑ η οποία έγινε η πόλη της Ομάχα]]
[[Image:Logan fontenelle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Logan Fontenelle]], αρχηγός της [[Φυλή Ομάχα|Φυλής των Ομάχα]] που παραχώρησεγη στην κυβέρνηση των ΗΠΑ η οποία έγινε η πόλη της Ομάχα]]
Διάφορες ιθαγενείς φυλές ζούσαν στη περιοχή που έγινε η Ομάχα, περιλαμβάνοντας τους [[Ομάχα (φυλή)|Ομάχα]] και [[Πόνκα]], που προέρχονται από τη κατώτερη κοιλάδα του [[ποταμός Οχάιο|ποταμού Οχάιο]] και μετανάστευσαν δυτικά, τους [[Pawnee]], τους [[Otoe]], τους [[Μιζούρι (φυλή)|Μιζούρι]], και [[Ioway]].
Διάφορες ιθαγενείς φυλές ζούσαν στη περιοχή που έγινε η Ομάχα, περιλαμβάνοντας τους [[Ομάχα (φυλή)|Ομάχα]] και [[Πόνκα]], που προέρχονται από τη κατώτερη κοιλάδα του [[ποταμός Οχάιο|ποταμού Οχάιο]] και μετανάστευσαν δυτικά, τους [[Pawnee]], τους [[Otoe]], τους [[Μιζούρι (φυλή)|Μιζούρι]], και [[Ioway]]. Η λέξη ''Omaha'' (ουσιαστικά σημαίνει ''UmoNhoN'' ή ''UmaNhaN'') σημαίνει "Dwellers on the bluff".<ref>Mathews, J.J. (1961) ''The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters''. University of Oklahoma Press. pages 110, 128, 140, 282.</ref>


Το 1804 η [[Ερευνητική Αποστολή Λούις και Κλαρκ]] πέρασε τις όχθες του ποταμού όπου η πόλη της Ομάχα επρόκειτο να κτισθεί. Μεταξύ 30 Ιουλίου και 3 Αυγούστου 1804, τα μέλη της αποστολής, περιλαμβανομένου του [[Μεριγουέδερ Λιούις]] και του [[Ουίλλιαμ Κλερκ (εξερευνητής)|Ουίλλιαμ Κλαρκ]], συναντήθηκε με τους ηγέτες των φυλών ότο και Μιζούρια στο [[Council Bluff]] σε ένα σημείο περίπου 20&nbsp;μίλια (30&nbsp;km) βόρεια της σημερινής Ομάχα.<ref>(1987) "Fort Atkinson Chronology", ''NEBRASKAland Magazine.'' p. 34–35.</ref> Αμέσως νοτιότερα από αυτήν την περιοχή, οι Αμερικανοί έκτισαν Americans built several fur trading outposts in succeeding years, including [[Fort Lisa (Nebraska)|Fort Lisa]] in 1812;<ref>[[Julius Sterling Morton|Morton, J.S.]], Watkins, A. and [[George L. Miller|Miller, G.L.]] (1911) "Fur trade", ''Illustrated History of Nebraska: A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region, with Steel Engravings, Photogravures, Copper Plates, Maps and Tables.'' Western Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 53.</ref> [[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)|Fort Atkinson]] in 1819;<ref>[http://www.nebraskahistory.org/archeo/atkinson.htm "Fort Atkinson"], [[Nebraska State Historical Society]]. Retrieved 5/28/08.</ref> [[Cabanné's Trading Post]], built in 1822, and [[Fontenelle's Post]] in 1823, in what became [[Bellevue, Nebraska|Bellevue]].<ref>Andreas, A.T. (1882) [http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/washington/washington-p1.html "Washington County"], ''History of the State of Nebraska''. Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company. Retrieved 4/28/08.</ref> There was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the [[American Fur Company]]. The [[Mormons]] built a town called [[Cutler's Park]] in the area in 1846.<ref>[http://www.historicflorence.org/HistoricMarkers/CutlersParkMarker.htm "Cutler's Park Marker"], Florence Historical Society. Retrieved 5/28/08.</ref> While it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future.<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cotrell, B.J. (1997) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=fDs0uh12Ft4C&dq The Gate City: A history of Omaha].'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 6.</ref>
Η περιοχή εξερευνηθήκε πρώτη φορά το 1804 από την αποστολή Λούις και Κλάρκ.

Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, [[Native American tribes in Nebraska]] gradually ceded the lands currently comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the [[Omaha Tribe]] ceded most of east-central Nebraska.<ref>Royce, C.C. (1899) "Indian Land Cessions in the United States," in Powell, J.W. ''18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896–97, Part 2'', Washington, D.C.: [[Government Printing Office]].</ref> [[Logan Fontenelle]], an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings.

===Pioneer Omaha===
Before it was legal to claim land in [[Indian Country]], [[William D. Brown]] was operating the [[Lone Tree Ferry]] to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Iowa to the area that became Omaha. Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits.<ref name="Administration1">[[Federal Writers Project]] of the [[Works Progress Administration]]. (1970) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=tCrgpwHv7wEC&dq=Nebraska:+A+guide+to+the+Cornhusker+state&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=gQFfBTgVBL&sig=oM1_gif7soVUdpfc7aC3wYp_Nvo&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result Nebraska: A Guide to the Cornhusker State].'' [[Nebraska State Historical Society]]. p. 241.</ref> The passage of the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] in 1854 was presaged by the staking out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4, 1854, the city was informally established at a picnic on Capital Hill, current site of [[Omaha Central High School]].<ref>Hickey, D.R., Wunder, S.A. and Wunder, J.R. (2007) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=5dtgP41CyK4C&dq=Nebraska+Moments:+New+Edition&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=-7TleeDtTm&sig=Pv0Dls418O5zkn7E1chblz6J0KE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP14,M1 Nebraska Moments: New Edition].'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 147.</ref> Soon after, the [[Omaha Claim Club]] was formed to provide [[vigilante]] justice for [[land claim|claim jumper]]s and others who infringed on the land of many of the city's [[Founding figures of Omaha, Nebraska|founding fathers]].<ref>Sheldon, A.E. (1904) "Chapter VII: Nebraska Territory," ''[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/SCHofNE/ Semi-Centennial History of Nebraska]''. Lincoln, NE: Lemon Publishing. p. 58.</ref> Some of this land, which now wraps around Downtown Omaha, was later used to entice [[Nebraska Territorial Legislature|Nebraska Territorial legislators]] to an area called [[Scriptown]].<ref>Andreas, A.T. (1882) "Douglas County", ''History of the State of Nebraska''. Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company. p. 841.</ref> The Territorial capitol was located in Omaha, but when Nebraska became a state in 1867, the capital was relocated to [[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln]], {{convert|53|mi|km}} south-west of Omaha.<ref>[http://www.nebraskahistory.org/sites/kennard/stathood.htm "More about Nebraska statehood, the location of the capital and the story of the commissioner's homes,"] [[Nebraska State Historical Society]]. Retrieved 12/14/08.</ref> The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] later ruled against numerous landowners whose violent actions were condemned in ''[[Baker v. Morton]]''.<ref>Baumann, L. Martin, C., Simpson, S. (1990) ''Omaha's Historic Prospect Hill Cemetery: A History of Prospect Hill Cemetery with Biographical Notes on Over 1400 People Interred Therein.'' Prospect Hill Cemetery Historical Development Foundation.</ref>

Many of Omaha's founding figures stayed at the [[Douglas House (Omaha)|Douglas House]] or the [[Cozzens House Hotel]].<ref>Federal Writers Project. (1939) ''Nebraska.'' Nebraska State Historical Society. p. 239.</ref> [[Dodge Street]] was important early in the city's early commercial history; [[North 24th Street]] and [[South Omaha Main Street Historic District|South 24th Street]] developed independently as business districts, as well. Early pioneers were buried in [[Prospect Hill Cemetery (North Omaha, Nebraska)|Prospect Hill Cemetery]] and Cedar Hill Cemetery.<ref>[[Nebraska Territory]] Legislative Assembly. (1858) ''House Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska''. Volume 5. p. 113.</ref> Cedar Hill closed in the 1860s and its graves were moved to Prospect Hill, where pioneers were later joined by soldiers from [[Fort Omaha]], [[African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska|African Americans]] and early [[Ethnic groups in Omaha, Nebraska|European immigrants]].<ref>[http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SS/markers/287.html Historic Prospect Hill – Omaha's Pioneer Cemetery]. [[Nebraska Department of Education]]. Retrieved 7/7/07.</ref> There are several other [[Cemeteries in Omaha, Nebraska|historical cemeteries in Omaha]], historical [[Jews and Judaism in Omaha, Nebraska|Jewish synagogues]] and historical [[Christianity in Omaha, Nebraska|Christian churches]] dating from the pioneer era, as well.

===19th century===
[[Image:hotelfontenelle.jpg|thumbnail|upright|The [[Hotel Fontenelle]], formerly located in downtown Omaha]]
The [[economy of Omaha]] boomed and busted through its early years. Omaha was a stopping point for settlers and prospectors heading west, either overland or via the Missouri River. The ''[[Steamboat Bertrand]]'' sank north of Omaha on its way to the goldfields in 1865. Its massive collection of artifacts is on display at the nearby [[Desoto National Wildlife Refuge]]. The [[Jobber's Canyon|jobbing and wholesaling district]] brought new jobs, followed by the [[Railroads in Omaha|railroads]] and the stockyards.<ref>Federal Writers Project. (1939) ''Nebraska: A guide to the Cornhusker state.'' Nebraska State Historical Society. p. 219–232.</ref> Groundbreaking for the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] in 1863, provided an essential developmental boom for the city.<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 64.</ref> The [[Union Pacific Railroad]] was authorized by the [[U.S. Congress]] to begin building westward railways in 1862;<ref>Union Pacific Railroad Company. (1867) ''[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=I-1CAAAAIAAJ&dq The Union Pacific Railroad Company: Chartered by the United States: Progress of Their Road West from Omaha, Nebraska, Across the Continent: Making, with Its Connections, an Unbroken Line from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean: Five Hundred Miles Completed October 25, 1867.]'' Brown & Hewitt, Printers. p. 5.</ref><ref>Wishart, D.J. (2004) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y4AetkIcOlQC&dq Encyclopedia of the Great Plains].'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 209.</ref> in January 1866 it commenced construction out of Omaha.<ref>Dunbar, S. (1915) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IEcKAAAAIAAJ&dq A History of Travel in America: Being an Outline of the Development in Modes of Travel from Archaic Vehicles of Colonial Times to the Completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad: the Influence of the Indians on the Free Movement and Territorial Unity of the White Race]''. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1915. p. 1350. Retrieved 9/25/08.</ref>

Equally as important, the [[Union Stockyards (Omaha)|Union Stockyards]] were founded in 1883.<ref>Larsen, L. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 73</ref> Within twenty years of the founding of the Union Stockyards in South Omaha, four of the five major meatpacking companies in the United States were located in Omaha. By the 1950s, half the city's workforce was employed in meatpacking and processing. Meatpacking, jobbing and railroads were responsible for most of the growth in the city from the late 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century.<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 142.</ref>

[[Ethnic groups in Omaha, Nebraska|Immigrants]] soon created [[ethnic enclave]]s throughout the city, including Irish in [[Sheelytown]] in South Omaha; Germans in the [[Near North Side (Omaha, Nebraska)|Near North Side]], joined by Eastern European Jews and black migrants from [[Southern United States|the South]]; [[Little Italy (Omaha, Nebraska)|Little Italy]] and [[Little Bohemia (Omaha, Nebraska)|Little Bohemia]] in South Omaha.<ref>Taylor, Q. (1999) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Nj1lVZQAcYC&dq In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West].'' W. W. Norton & Company. p. 204.</ref> Beginning in the late 19th century, Omaha's upper class lived in posh enclaves throughout the city, including the south and [[Gold Coast Historic District (Omaha, Nebraska)|north]] Gold Coast neighborhoods, [[Bemis Park]], [[Kountze Place]], [[Field Club]] and throughout [[Midtown Omaha]]. They traveled the city's sprawling [[Parks in Omaha, Nebraska|park system]] on [[Boulevards in Omaha|boulevards]] designed by renowned [[landscape architect]] [[Horace Cleveland]].<ref>Morton, J.S. and Watkins, A. (1918) "Chapter XXXV: Greater Omaha," ''History of Nebraska: From the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region''. Lincoln, NE: Western Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 831.</ref> The [[Omaha Horse Railway]] first carried passengers throughout the city, as did the later [[Omaha Cable Tramway Company]] and several similar companies. In 1888, the [[Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company]] built the [[Douglas Street Bridge]], the first pedestrian and wagon bridge between Omaha and Council Bluffs.<ref>United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1888) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=S5oAAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Omaha+and+Council+Bluffs+Railway+and+Bridge+Company%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year]''. GPO. p. 309. Retrieved 4/11/08.</ref> Gambling, drinking and prostitution were widespread in the 19th century, first rampant in the city's [[Burnt District]] and later in the [[Sporting District (Omaha, Nebraska)|Sporting District]].<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 94–95.</ref> Controlled by Omaha's [[political boss]] [[Tom Dennison (Political boss)|Tom Dennison]] by 1890, [[Crime in Omaha|criminal elements]] enjoyed support from Omaha's "perpetual" mayor, [[James Dahlman|"Cowboy Jim"]] Dahlman, nicknamed for his eight terms as mayor.<ref>Folsom, B.W. (1999) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=TfUOh3TEtX0C&dq=No+More+Free+Markets+Or+Free+Beer:+The+Progressive+Era+in+Nebraska,&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NeEZqDXt_p&sig=IvgBUjNyhLW3fteEaLM5mHGwRog&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900–1924].'' Lexington Books. p. 59.</ref><ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 183–184.</ref> Calamities such as the [[Great Flood of 1881]] did not slow down the city's violence.<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 183.</ref> In 1882, the [[Camp Dump Strike]] pitted state militia against unionized strikers, drawing national attention to Omaha's labor troubles. The [[Governor of Nebraska]] had to call in [[U.S. Army]] troops from nearby Fort Omaha to protect strikebreakers for the [[Burlington Railroad]], bringing along [[Gatling gun]]s and a [[cannon]] for defense. When the event ended, there was one man dead and several wounded.<ref>"The strike at Omaha", ''The New York Times.'' March 12, 1882.</ref> In 1891, a mob hanged [[Joe Coe]], an African-American porter after he was accused of raping a white girl.<ref>Bristow, D.L. (2002)''A Dirty, Wicked Town.'' Caxton Press. p. 253.</ref> There were several other [[List of riots and civil unrest in Omaha, Nebraska|riots and civil unrest events in Omaha]] during this period, as well.

In 1898, Omaha's leaders, under the guidance of [[Gurdon Wattles]], held the [[Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition]], touted as a celebration of agricultural and industrial growth throughout the [[Midwest]].<ref>[http://www.omahapubliclibrary.org/transmiss/about/about.html "About the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition"]. [[Omaha Public Library]]. Retrieved 9/5/08.</ref> The [[Indian Congress]], which drew more than 500 [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] from across the country, was held simultaneously. More than 2 million visitors attended these events, located at [[Kountze Park]] and the [[Omaha Driving Park]] in the [[Kountze Place]] neighborhood.<ref>Larsen, L. and Cottrell, B. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 43.</ref>

===20th century===
[[Image:Tibbets-wave.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Enola Gay]] was built at [[Offutt Air Force Base]], located south of Omaha.]]
With dramatically increasing population in the 20th century, there was major civil unrest in Omaha, resulting from competition and fierce labor struggles.<ref>Larsen and Cotrell. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 135.</ref> In 1900, Omaha was the center of a national uproar over the [[kidnap]]ping of [[Edward Cudahy, Jr.]], the son of a local [[meatpacking]] magnate.<ref>[http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/timeline/cudahy_kidnapping.htm "Cudahy Kidnapping"]. Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 9/25/07.</ref> The city's labor and management clashed in bitter strikes, [[Racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska|racial tension]] escalated as blacks were hired as strikebreakers, and ethnic strife broke out.<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 172.</ref> [[Greek Town Riot|A major riot]] by ethnic whites in South Omaha destroyed the city's [[Greek Town]] in 1909, completely driving out the Greek population.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C05E1D91731E733A25751C2A9649C946897D6CF "South Omaha mob wars on Greeks"], ''[[The New York Times]].'' February 22, 1909. Retrieved 5/25/08.</ref> The [[Civil Rights Movement in Omaha, Nebraska|civil rights movement in Omaha]] has roots that extend back to 1912, when the first chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] west of the [[Mississippi River]] was founded in the city.<ref>Nebraska Writers Project. (1940) ''[http://www.memoriallibrary.com/NE/Ethnic/Negro/ The Negroes of Nebraska].'' Works Progress Administration. Woodruff Printing Company. p. 45.</ref> The [[Omaha Easter Sunday Tornado (1913)|Omaha Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913]] destroyed much of the city's [[African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska|African American]] community, in addition to much of Midtown Omaha.<ref>[http://www.crh.noaa.gov/oax/archive/1913_Omaha_Tor/omahatornado.php "Easter came early in 1913"], [[NOAA]] National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 9/6/08.</ref> Six years later in 1919 the city was caught up in the [[Red Summer]] riots when thousands of ethnic whites marched from South Omaha to the courthouse to lynch a black worker, Willy Brown, a suspect in an alleged rape of a white woman. The mob burned the [[Douglas County Courthouse (Nebraska)|Douglas County Courthouse]] to get the prisoner, causing more than $1,000,000 damage. They hung and shot Will Brown, then burned his body.<ref>(1994) ''Street of Dreams.'' (VHS) Nebraska Public Television.</ref> Troops were called in from Fort Omaha to quell the riot, prevent more crowds gathering in South Omaha, and to protect the black community in North Omaha.<ref>Leighton, G.R. (1939) ''Five Cities: The Story of Their Youth and Old Age.'' Ayer Publishing. p. 212.</ref>

The [[Culture in North Omaha, Nebraska|culture of North Omaha]] thrived throughout the 1920s through 1950s, with several creative figures, including [[Tillie Olsen]], [[Wallace Thurman]], [[Lloyd Hunter]], and [[Anna Mae Winburn]] emerging from the vibrant Near North Side.<ref>Salzman, J., Smith, D.J. and West, C. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History.'' Macmillan Library Reference. p. 1974.</ref> Musicians created their own world in Omaha, and also joined national bands and groups that toured and appeared in the city.<ref>[http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/douglas.htm "Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County]." [[Nebraska State Historical Society]]. Retrieved 4/30/07.</ref>

After the tumultuous [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, Omaha rebounded with the development of [[Offutt Air Force Base]] just south of the city. The [[Glenn L. Martin Company]] operated a factory there in the 1940s that produced 521 [[B-29]] ''Superfortresses'', including the ''[[Enola Gay]]'' and ''[[Bockscar]]'' used in [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|the atomic bombing of Japan]] in [[World War II]].<ref>(2006) ''[http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080502-021.pdf Economic Impact Analysis: Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska].'' [[United States Air Force]]. Retrieved 5/28/08.</ref> The construction of [[Interstate highway|Interstates]] [[Interstate 80|80]], [[Interstate 480 (Iowa–Nebraska)|480]] and [[Interstate 680 (Iowa–Nebraska)|680]], along with the [[North Omaha Freeway]], spurred development. There was also controversy, particularly in North Omaha, where several neighborhoods were bisected by new routes.<ref>(2001) [http://web.archive.org/web/20070222202550/http://pio.neded.org/press/2001/01rel21.htm "State's top community development projects honored"], [[Nebraska Department of Economic Development]]. Retrieved 4/7/07.</ref> [[Creighton University]] hosted the [[DePorres Club]], an early civil rights group whose sit-in strategies for integration of public facilities predated the national movement, starting in 1947.<ref>(2004) [http://press.creighton.edu/030504/cu125.html "125 years of memorable moments,"] ''The Creightonian Online. 83''(19). Retrieved 7/23/07.</ref> Following the development of the Glenn L. Martin Company bomber manufacturing plant in [[Bellevue, Nebraska|Bellevue]] at the beginning of World War II, the relocation of the [[Strategic Air Command]] to the Omaha suburb in 1948 provided a major economic boost to the area.<ref>Wishart, D.J. (2004) ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 72.</ref>

From the 1950s through the 1960s, more than 40 insurance companies were headquartered in Omaha, including [[Woodmen of the World]] and [[Mutual of Omaha]]. By the late 1960s, the city rivaled, but never surpassed, the United States insurance centers of [[Hartford, Connecticut]], New York City and [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>Bednarek, R.D. (1992) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-XcTWNLWmfoC&dq The Changing Image of the City: Planning for Downtown Omaha, 1945–1973]''. University of Nebraska Press, 1992 p. 57.</ref> After surpassing Chicago in [[meat processing]] by the late 1950s, Omaha suffered the loss of 10,000 jobs as both the railroad and meatpacking industries restructured. The city struggled for decades to shift its economy as workers suffered. Poverty became more entrenched among families who remained in North Omaha. In the 1960s, three major race riots along [[North 24th Street]] destroyed the Near North Side's economic base, with recovery slow for decades.<ref>Luebtke, F.C. (2005) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=fpYH47KCwOoC&dq=Nebraska:+An+Illustrated+History.&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=2tuwu7N9eR&sig=mUitMrqNXcMR-V2OLiIXjGfWdNE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Nebraska: An Illustrated History].'' [[University of Nebraska Press]]. p. 372.</ref> In 1969, [[Woodmen Tower]] was completed and became Omaha's tallest building and first major skyscraper at {{convert|478|ft|m}}, a sign of renewal.

Since the 1970s, Omaha has continued expanding and growing, mostly to available land to the west. [[West Omaha]] has become home to the majority of the city's population. North and South Omaha's populations continue to be centers of new immigrants, with economic and racial diversity.<ref>(2006) ''[http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/heineman/NAACP_v_Heineman.pdf NAACP v. Heineman]''. NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved 5/28/08.</ref> In 1975 a [[Omaha Tornado of 1975|major tornado]], along with a major blizzard, caused more than [[Dollar sign|$]]100 million in damages in 1975 dollars.<ref>Alexander, D. (1993) ''Natural Disasters.'' CRC Press. p. 183.</ref> Downtown Omaha has since been rejuvenated in numerous ways, starting with the development of [[Gene Leahy Mall]]<ref>Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) ''The Gate City: A history of Omaha.'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 296.</ref> and [[W. Dale Clark Library]]<ref>[http://www.omahapubliclibrary.org/aboutus/locations/ml.html "W. Dale Clark Library"], [[Omaha Public Library]]. Retrieved 8/25/08.</ref> in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Omaha's fruit warehouses were converted into a shopping area called the [[Old Market (Omaha, Nebraska)|Old Market]]. The demolition of [[Jobber's Canyon]] in 1989 led to the creation of the [[ConAgra Foods]] campus.<ref>Gratz, R.B. (1996) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=fmdd4dptfz4C&dq=Living+City:+How+America%27s+Cities+Are+Being+Revitalized+by+Thinking+Small+in+a+Big+Way,&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=wdIUHLBKeU&sig=MoYx3B5pMwluSHonZROQn10wJoE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result The Living City: How America's Cities Are Being Revitalized by Thinking Small in a Big Way].'' John Wiley and Sons. p. v.</ref> Several nearby buildings, including the [[Nash Block]], have been converted into condominiums. The stockyards were taken down; the only surviving building is the [[Livestock Exchange Building (Omaha, Nebraska)|Livestock Exchange Building]], which was converted to multi-use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>[http://www.hud.gov/local/ne/library/archivedstories/fs2005-08-29.cfm "Renovation of the Historic Livestock Exchange Building in Omaha"], [[US Department of Housing and Urban Development]]. Retrieved 6/22/07.</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[Image:Omaha nightshot.JPG|right|270px|thumb|[[Downtown Omaha]] at night]]

[[File:Omaha.jpg|thumb]]

Around the turn of the 21st century, several new downtown skyscrapers and cultural institutions were built.<ref>Bednarek, J.R.D. (1992) ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=-XcTWNLWmfoC&dq The Changing Image of the City: Planning for Downtown Omaha, 1945–1973].'' University of Nebraska Press. p. 56.</ref> [[One First National Center]] was completed in 2002, surpassing the [[Woodmen Tower]] as the tallest building in Omaha as well as in the state at {{convert|638|ft|m}}. The creation of the city's new [[NoDo|North Downtown]] included the construction of the [[CenturyLink Center Omaha|CenturyLink Center]] and the [[Slowdown (venue)|Slowdown]]/[[Film Streams]] development at North 14th and Webster Streets.<ref>Stempel, J. (2008) [http://www.reuters.com/article/ousivMolt/idUSN0433449720080504?sp=true "Omaha bets on NoDo to extend downtown revival"], [[Reuters]]. May 6, 2008. Retrieved 5/28/08.</ref> Construction of the new [[TD Ameritrade Park]] began in 2009 and was completed in 2011, also in the North Downtown area, near the [[CenturyLink Center Omaha|CenturyLink Center]].

New construction has occurred throughout the city since the turn of the century. Important retail and office developments have occurred in West Omaha such as the Village Pointe shopping center and several business parks including [[First National Business Park]] and parks for [[Bank of the West]] and [[C&A Industries, Inc]] and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney and several others.<ref>Kynaski, J. "West Dodge keeps booming," ''Omaha World-Herald.'' January 16, 2006.</ref> Downtown and Midtown Omaha have both seen the development of a significant number of [[condominium]]s in recent years.<ref>Sindt, R.P. and Shultz, S. [http://www.ketv.com/newsarchive/5534702/detail.html "Can Omaha Fill More Condos? City Picks Downtown Developer For Project"], ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]''. December 14, 2005. Retrieved 9/21/08.</ref><ref>''[http://unorealestate.org/pdf/Omaha_Condo_Study.pdf Market Segmentation: The Omaha Condominium Market]'', [[University of Nebraska at Omaha]]. Retrieved 9/21/08.</ref> In [[Midtown Omaha]] significant mixed-use projects are underway. The site of the former [[Ak-Sar-Ben (arena)|Ak-Sar-Ben]] arena has been redeveloped into a mixed use development [[Aksarben Village]]. In January 2009 [[Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association|Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska]] announced plans to build a new 10 story, $98 million headquarters, in the [[Aksarben Village]], completed in Spring 2011.<ref>Jordan, S. (January 8, 2009) [http://www.omaha.com/index.php?u_page=1208&u_sid=10532614 "Blue Cross building new Omaha headquarters"], ''Omaha World-Herald''. Retrieved 1/16/09.</ref> The other major mixed-use development is [[Midtown Crossing at Turner Park]]. Developed by [[Mutual of Omaha]], the development includes several condominium towers and retail businesses built around [[Omaha]]'s Turner Park.<ref>(2006) [http://www.mutualofomaha.com/about/press/community/20061020.html "Mutual of Omaha Unveils Midtown Crossing at Turner Park Development"]. Mutual of Omaha website. Retrieved 5/18/07.</ref><ref>(2007)[http://www.omahabydesign.org/Urban_Design_Element/Urban_Design_Implementation.pdf Urban Design Element Implementation Measures]. OmahaByDesign. p. 6. Retrieved 9/26/08.</ref>

The [[Holland Performing Arts Center]] opened in 2005 near the [[Gene Leahy Mall]] and the [[Union Pacific Center]] opened in 2004.

There have also been several developments along the Missouri River waterfront in downtown. The [[Bob Kerrey Pedestrian Bridge]] was opened to foot and bicycle traffic on September 28, 2008.<ref>[http://www.kmtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=9005379 "Thousands Watch Bob Kerrey Bridge Lighting Ceremony"], [[KETV]]. September 13, 2008. Retrieved 9/21/08.</ref> Started in 2003,<ref>[http://www.ci.omaha.ne.us/departments/mayor/EconDev/Riverfront%20Place%20Press%20Release%20Nov03.pdf "Riverfront Place – ‘Unique New Urban Neighborhood’"], [[Government of Omaha|City of Omaha]]. November 5, 2003. Retrieved 9/21/08.</ref> [[RiverFront Place Condos]] first phase was completed in 2006 and is fully occupied and construction of the second tower began in 2009. The development along Omaha's riverfront is attributed with prompting the City of Council Bluffs to move their own riverfront development time line forward.<ref>[http://www.wowt.com/news/headlines/28331949.html "Council Bluffs Steps Up Riverfront Plans"], [[WOWT]]. September 12, 2008. Retrieved 9/21/08.</ref>

In summer 2008 the [[United States Olympic Team]] swimming trials were held in Omaha.<ref name=swimmingteam>[http://www.usaswimming.org/USASWeb/_Rainbow/Documents/305ea4d7-c44b-4437-a451-16153023a32a/U.S.%20Olympic%20Swim%20Team%20Roster.pdf 2008 United States Olympic Swim Team]. USASwimming.org. Retrieved 12/9/08.</ref><ref>[http://www.usaswimming.org/usasweb/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabId=1062&Alias=Rainbow&Lang=en-US 2008 Olympia Team Trials]. USASwimming.org. Retrieved 5/27/08.</ref> The event was a highlight in [[Sports in Omaha|the city's sports community]],<ref>[http://www.omahasports.org/newsRelease.php?id=13 "Omaha Sports Commission Releases Ticket Information for 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials for Swimming"], Omaha Sports Commission. Retrieved 8/30/08.</ref> as well as a showcase for redevelopment in the downtown area.


== διακυβέρνηση και πολιτικά ==
== διακυβέρνηση και πολιτικά ==

Έκδοση από την 18:58, 2 Φεβρουαρίου 2012

Το "Ομάχα" ανακατευθύνει εδώ. Για άλλες χρήσεις, βλέπε Ομάχα (αποσαφήνιση). Πρότυπο:Πόλη (Η.Π.Α.)

Η Ομάχα (αγγλικά:Omaha) είναι η μεγαλύτερη πόλη στην πολιτεία της Νεμπράσκα, στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, και είναι η κομητειακή έδρα της Κομητείας Ντάγκλας. Βρίσκεται στις Μεσοδυτικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες στον Ποταμό Μιζούρι, περίπου 20 μίλια (30 km) βόρεια του στομίου του Platte River. Η Ομάχα είναι η άγκυρα της Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, που περιλαμβάνει το Κάνσιλ Μπλαφς, Αϊόβα, κατά πλάτος του Ποταμού Μιζούρι από την Ομάχα.

Σύμφωνα με την Απογραφή του 2010, ο πληθυσμός της Ομάχα ήταν 408.958, ούσα έτσι η 42 πολυπληθέστερη πόλη της χώρας. Περιλαμβάνοντας τα προάστεια της, η Ομάχα αποτελούσε την 60ή μεγαλύτερη μητροπολιτική περιοχή στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες το 2010, με εκτιμώμενο πληθυσμό 865.350 που κατοικούσε σε οκτώ κομητείες. Υπάρχουν πάνω από 1,2 εκατομμύρια κάτοικοι μέσα σε μια ακτίνα 50 μιλίων (80 km) από το κέντρο της πόλης, που αποτελούν την περιοχή Greater Omaha (Μείζων Ομάχα).

Η περίοδος των πιονέρων στην Ομάχα άρχισε το 1854 όταν ιδρύθηκε η πόλη από κερδοσκόπους από το γειτονικό Κάνσιλ Μπλαφς της Αϊόβα. Η πόλη ιδρύθηκε κατά μήκος του Ποταμού Μιζούρι, και ένα πέρασμα που ονομάζεται Lone Tree Ferry έδωσε στην πόλη το ψευδώνυμο του, το "Gateway to the West" (Πύλη προς τη Δύση). Κατά την διάρκεια του 19ου αιώνα, η κεντρική τοποθεσία της Ομάχα στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες συνετέλεσε ώστε να γίνει η πόλη ένα σημαντικό εθνικό κέντρο μεταφορών. Καθ'όλο το υπόλοιπο του 19ου αιώνα, οι τομείς των μεταφορών και της χονδρικής πώλησης ήταν σημαντικοί στην πόλη, μαζί με τους σιδηροδρόμους της και τα ζυθοποιεία της. Τον 20ο αιώνα, το Omaha Stockyards, κάποτε το μεγαλύτερο του κόσμου, και τα εργοστάσια συσκευασίας κρέατος, κέρδισε διεθνή επιφάνεια.

Σήμερα, η Ομάχα είναι έδρα πέντε εταιρειών Fortune 500: της ConAgra Foods, της Union Pacific Corporation, της Mutual of Omaha, της Peter Kiewit and Sons, Inc., και της Berkshire Hathaway.[1] Η Berkshire Hathaway έχει επικεφαλής τον τοπικό επενδυτή Γουόρεν Μπάφετ, ο οποίος ήταν ο πλουσιότερος άνθρωπος στον κόσμο για το πρώτο ήμισυ του 2008.[2] Η Ομάχα είναι επίσης έδρα τεσσάρων κεντρικών εταιρειών Fortune 1000, της TD Ameritrade, της West Corporation, της Valmont Industries, και της Werner Enterprises. Η First National Bank οf Omaha είναι η μεγαλύτερη ιδιωτική τράπεζα στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Οι έδρες της Leo A Daly, της HDR, Inc. και της DLR Group, τριών από τις 30 κορυφαίες αρχιτεκτονικές και μηχανικές εταιρείες των ΗΠΑ, βρίσκονται στην Ομάχα.

Η σύγχρονη οικονομία της Ομάχα είναι πολυσχιδής και βασισμένη σε δουλειές επιδέξιων γνώσεων. Το 2009, το Forbes προσδιόρισε την Ομάχα ως την υπ'αριθμόν ένα "Best Bang-For-The Buck City" και νούμερο ένα στη λίστα "America's Fastest-Recovering Cities". Ο Ο τουρισμός στην Ομάχα ωφελεί την οικονομία της πόλης ευρέως, με το ετήσιο College World Series να παράγει σημαντικά έσοδα και τον Henry Doorly Zoo της πόλης να είναι το κορυφαίο αξιοθέατο στη Νεμπράσκα. Η Ομάχα φιλοξένησε τα δοκιμαστικά της κολύμβησης το 2008, και προγραμματίζεται να κάνει το ίδιο το 2012.

Ένα κίνημα ιστορικής διατήρησης στην Ομάχα έχει οδηγήσει ώστε ένας αριθμός ιστορικών δομών και περιφερειών να ονομαστούν Omaha Landmarks ή να μπουν στον κατάλογο του National Register of Historic Places.

Ιστορία

Κύριο λήμμα: Ιστορία της Ομάχα (Νεμπράσκα)

Βλέπε επίσης:Ιστορία της Βόρειας Ομάχα (Νεμπράσκα)

Logan Fontenelle, αρχηγός της Φυλής των Ομάχα που παραχώρησεγη στην κυβέρνηση των ΗΠΑ η οποία έγινε η πόλη της Ομάχα

Διάφορες ιθαγενείς φυλές ζούσαν στη περιοχή που έγινε η Ομάχα, περιλαμβάνοντας τους Ομάχα και Πόνκα, που προέρχονται από τη κατώτερη κοιλάδα του ποταμού Οχάιο και μετανάστευσαν δυτικά, τους Pawnee, τους Otoe, τους Μιζούρι, και Ioway. Η λέξη Omaha (ουσιαστικά σημαίνει UmoNhoN ή UmaNhaN) σημαίνει "Dwellers on the bluff".[3]

Το 1804 η Ερευνητική Αποστολή Λούις και Κλαρκ πέρασε τις όχθες του ποταμού όπου η πόλη της Ομάχα επρόκειτο να κτισθεί. Μεταξύ 30 Ιουλίου και 3 Αυγούστου 1804, τα μέλη της αποστολής, περιλαμβανομένου του Μεριγουέδερ Λιούις και του Ουίλλιαμ Κλαρκ, συναντήθηκε με τους ηγέτες των φυλών ότο και Μιζούρια στο Council Bluff σε ένα σημείο περίπου 20 μίλια (30 km) βόρεια της σημερινής Ομάχα.[4] Αμέσως νοτιότερα από αυτήν την περιοχή, οι Αμερικανοί έκτισαν Americans built several fur trading outposts in succeeding years, including Fort Lisa in 1812;[5] Fort Atkinson in 1819;[6] Cabanné's Trading Post, built in 1822, and Fontenelle's Post in 1823, in what became Bellevue.[7] There was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutler's Park in the area in 1846.[8] While it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future.[9]

Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands currently comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska.[10] Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings.

Pioneer Omaha

Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Iowa to the area that became Omaha. Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits.[11] The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the staking out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4, 1854, the city was informally established at a picnic on Capital Hill, current site of Omaha Central High School.[12] Soon after, the Omaha Claim Club was formed to provide vigilante justice for claim jumpers and others who infringed on the land of many of the city's founding fathers.[13] Some of this land, which now wraps around Downtown Omaha, was later used to entice Nebraska Territorial legislators to an area called Scriptown.[14] The Territorial capitol was located in Omaha, but when Nebraska became a state in 1867, the capital was relocated to Lincoln, 53 miles (85 km) south-west of Omaha.[15] The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled against numerous landowners whose violent actions were condemned in Baker v. Morton.[16]

Many of Omaha's founding figures stayed at the Douglas House or the Cozzens House Hotel.[17] Dodge Street was important early in the city's early commercial history; North 24th Street and South 24th Street developed independently as business districts, as well. Early pioneers were buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery and Cedar Hill Cemetery.[18] Cedar Hill closed in the 1860s and its graves were moved to Prospect Hill, where pioneers were later joined by soldiers from Fort Omaha, African Americans and early European immigrants.[19] There are several other historical cemeteries in Omaha, historical Jewish synagogues and historical Christian churches dating from the pioneer era, as well.

19th century

The Hotel Fontenelle, formerly located in downtown Omaha

The economy of Omaha boomed and busted through its early years. Omaha was a stopping point for settlers and prospectors heading west, either overland or via the Missouri River. The Steamboat Bertrand sank north of Omaha on its way to the goldfields in 1865. Its massive collection of artifacts is on display at the nearby Desoto National Wildlife Refuge. The jobbing and wholesaling district brought new jobs, followed by the railroads and the stockyards.[20] Groundbreaking for the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1863, provided an essential developmental boom for the city.[21] The Union Pacific Railroad was authorized by the U.S. Congress to begin building westward railways in 1862;[22][23] in January 1866 it commenced construction out of Omaha.[24]

Equally as important, the Union Stockyards were founded in 1883.[25] Within twenty years of the founding of the Union Stockyards in South Omaha, four of the five major meatpacking companies in the United States were located in Omaha. By the 1950s, half the city's workforce was employed in meatpacking and processing. Meatpacking, jobbing and railroads were responsible for most of the growth in the city from the late 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century.[26]

Immigrants soon created ethnic enclaves throughout the city, including Irish in Sheelytown in South Omaha; Germans in the Near North Side, joined by Eastern European Jews and black migrants from the South; Little Italy and Little Bohemia in South Omaha.[27] Beginning in the late 19th century, Omaha's upper class lived in posh enclaves throughout the city, including the south and north Gold Coast neighborhoods, Bemis Park, Kountze Place, Field Club and throughout Midtown Omaha. They traveled the city's sprawling park system on boulevards designed by renowned landscape architect Horace Cleveland.[28] The Omaha Horse Railway first carried passengers throughout the city, as did the later Omaha Cable Tramway Company and several similar companies. In 1888, the Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company built the Douglas Street Bridge, the first pedestrian and wagon bridge between Omaha and Council Bluffs.[29] Gambling, drinking and prostitution were widespread in the 19th century, first rampant in the city's Burnt District and later in the Sporting District.[30] Controlled by Omaha's political boss Tom Dennison by 1890, criminal elements enjoyed support from Omaha's "perpetual" mayor, "Cowboy Jim" Dahlman, nicknamed for his eight terms as mayor.[31][32] Calamities such as the Great Flood of 1881 did not slow down the city's violence.[33] In 1882, the Camp Dump Strike pitted state militia against unionized strikers, drawing national attention to Omaha's labor troubles. The Governor of Nebraska had to call in U.S. Army troops from nearby Fort Omaha to protect strikebreakers for the Burlington Railroad, bringing along Gatling guns and a cannon for defense. When the event ended, there was one man dead and several wounded.[34] In 1891, a mob hanged Joe Coe, an African-American porter after he was accused of raping a white girl.[35] There were several other riots and civil unrest events in Omaha during this period, as well.

In 1898, Omaha's leaders, under the guidance of Gurdon Wattles, held the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, touted as a celebration of agricultural and industrial growth throughout the Midwest.[36] The Indian Congress, which drew more than 500 American Indians from across the country, was held simultaneously. More than 2 million visitors attended these events, located at Kountze Park and the Omaha Driving Park in the Kountze Place neighborhood.[37]

20th century

The Enola Gay was built at Offutt Air Force Base, located south of Omaha.

With dramatically increasing population in the 20th century, there was major civil unrest in Omaha, resulting from competition and fierce labor struggles.[38] In 1900, Omaha was the center of a national uproar over the kidnapping of Edward Cudahy, Jr., the son of a local meatpacking magnate.[39] The city's labor and management clashed in bitter strikes, racial tension escalated as blacks were hired as strikebreakers, and ethnic strife broke out.[40] A major riot by ethnic whites in South Omaha destroyed the city's Greek Town in 1909, completely driving out the Greek population.[41] The civil rights movement in Omaha has roots that extend back to 1912, when the first chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People west of the Mississippi River was founded in the city.[42] The Omaha Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913 destroyed much of the city's African American community, in addition to much of Midtown Omaha.[43] Six years later in 1919 the city was caught up in the Red Summer riots when thousands of ethnic whites marched from South Omaha to the courthouse to lynch a black worker, Willy Brown, a suspect in an alleged rape of a white woman. The mob burned the Douglas County Courthouse to get the prisoner, causing more than $1,000,000 damage. They hung and shot Will Brown, then burned his body.[44] Troops were called in from Fort Omaha to quell the riot, prevent more crowds gathering in South Omaha, and to protect the black community in North Omaha.[45]

The culture of North Omaha thrived throughout the 1920s through 1950s, with several creative figures, including Tillie Olsen, Wallace Thurman, Lloyd Hunter, and Anna Mae Winburn emerging from the vibrant Near North Side.[46] Musicians created their own world in Omaha, and also joined national bands and groups that toured and appeared in the city.[47]

After the tumultuous Great Depression of the 1930s, Omaha rebounded with the development of Offutt Air Force Base just south of the city. The Glenn L. Martin Company operated a factory there in the 1940s that produced 521 B-29 Superfortresses, including the Enola Gay and Bockscar used in the atomic bombing of Japan in World War II.[48] The construction of Interstates 80, 480 and 680, along with the North Omaha Freeway, spurred development. There was also controversy, particularly in North Omaha, where several neighborhoods were bisected by new routes.[49] Creighton University hosted the DePorres Club, an early civil rights group whose sit-in strategies for integration of public facilities predated the national movement, starting in 1947.[50] Following the development of the Glenn L. Martin Company bomber manufacturing plant in Bellevue at the beginning of World War II, the relocation of the Strategic Air Command to the Omaha suburb in 1948 provided a major economic boost to the area.[51]

From the 1950s through the 1960s, more than 40 insurance companies were headquartered in Omaha, including Woodmen of the World and Mutual of Omaha. By the late 1960s, the city rivaled, but never surpassed, the United States insurance centers of Hartford, Connecticut, New York City and Boston, Massachusetts.[52] After surpassing Chicago in meat processing by the late 1950s, Omaha suffered the loss of 10,000 jobs as both the railroad and meatpacking industries restructured. The city struggled for decades to shift its economy as workers suffered. Poverty became more entrenched among families who remained in North Omaha. In the 1960s, three major race riots along North 24th Street destroyed the Near North Side's economic base, with recovery slow for decades.[53] In 1969, Woodmen Tower was completed and became Omaha's tallest building and first major skyscraper at 478 feet (146 m), a sign of renewal.

Since the 1970s, Omaha has continued expanding and growing, mostly to available land to the west. West Omaha has become home to the majority of the city's population. North and South Omaha's populations continue to be centers of new immigrants, with economic and racial diversity.[54] In 1975 a major tornado, along with a major blizzard, caused more than $100 million in damages in 1975 dollars.[55] Downtown Omaha has since been rejuvenated in numerous ways, starting with the development of Gene Leahy Mall[56] and W. Dale Clark Library[57] in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Omaha's fruit warehouses were converted into a shopping area called the Old Market. The demolition of Jobber's Canyon in 1989 led to the creation of the ConAgra Foods campus.[58] Several nearby buildings, including the Nash Block, have been converted into condominiums. The stockyards were taken down; the only surviving building is the Livestock Exchange Building, which was converted to multi-use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[59]

21st century

Downtown Omaha at night

Around the turn of the 21st century, several new downtown skyscrapers and cultural institutions were built.[60] One First National Center was completed in 2002, surpassing the Woodmen Tower as the tallest building in Omaha as well as in the state at 638 feet (194 m). The creation of the city's new North Downtown included the construction of the CenturyLink Center and the Slowdown/Film Streams development at North 14th and Webster Streets.[61] Construction of the new TD Ameritrade Park began in 2009 and was completed in 2011, also in the North Downtown area, near the CenturyLink Center.

New construction has occurred throughout the city since the turn of the century. Important retail and office developments have occurred in West Omaha such as the Village Pointe shopping center and several business parks including First National Business Park and parks for Bank of the West and C&A Industries, Inc and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney and several others.[62] Downtown and Midtown Omaha have both seen the development of a significant number of condominiums in recent years.[63][64] In Midtown Omaha significant mixed-use projects are underway. The site of the former Ak-Sar-Ben arena has been redeveloped into a mixed use development Aksarben Village. In January 2009 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska announced plans to build a new 10 story, $98 million headquarters, in the Aksarben Village, completed in Spring 2011.[65] The other major mixed-use development is Midtown Crossing at Turner Park. Developed by Mutual of Omaha, the development includes several condominium towers and retail businesses built around Omaha's Turner Park.[66][67]

The Holland Performing Arts Center opened in 2005 near the Gene Leahy Mall and the Union Pacific Center opened in 2004.

There have also been several developments along the Missouri River waterfront in downtown. The Bob Kerrey Pedestrian Bridge was opened to foot and bicycle traffic on September 28, 2008.[68] Started in 2003,[69] RiverFront Place Condos first phase was completed in 2006 and is fully occupied and construction of the second tower began in 2009. The development along Omaha's riverfront is attributed with prompting the City of Council Bluffs to move their own riverfront development time line forward.[70]

In summer 2008 the United States Olympic Team swimming trials were held in Omaha.[71][72] The event was a highlight in the city's sports community,[73] as well as a showcase for redevelopment in the downtown area.

διακυβέρνηση και πολιτικά

Κύριο λήμμα: Κυβέρνηση της Ομάχα
Το Δημαρχείο στην Downtown Omaha

Η Ομάχα έχει μια strong mayor μορφή κυβέρνησης, μαζί με ένα συμβούλιο που εκλέγεται από επτά περιφέρειες κατά πλάτος της πόλης. Ο παρών δήμαρχος είναι ο Τζιμ Σατλ, ο οποίος εκλέχθηκε τον Μάιο 2009. Ο δήμαρχος με την μεγαλύτερη θητεία στην ιστορία της Ομάχα ήταν ο "Cowboy" Τζιμ Ντάλμαν, ο οποίος υπηρέτησε 20 έτη σε οκτώ θητείες. Θεωρείτο ο "υγρότερος δήμαρχος στην Αμερική" εξαιτίας του μεγάλου αριθμού μπαρ στην Ομάχα κατά την δημαρχία του.[74] Ο Ντάλμαν ήταν στενός συνεργάτης του πολιτικού αφεντικού Τομ Ντέννισον.[75]

Αδελφές πόλεις

Η Ομάχα έχει έξι αδελφές πόλεις:[76]

Αναφορές

  1. ↑ Boettcher, Ross. "Mutual returns to Fortune 500". Omaha World-Herald. April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  2. ↑ Kroll, L. "Special report: The World's Billionaires", Forbes magazine. March 5, 2008.
  3. ↑ Mathews, J.J. (1961) The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters. University of Oklahoma Press. pages 110, 128, 140, 282.
  4. ↑ (1987) "Fort Atkinson Chronology", NEBRASKAland Magazine. p. 34–35.
  5. ↑ Morton, J.S., Watkins, A. and Miller, G.L. (1911) "Fur trade", Illustrated History of Nebraska: A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region, with Steel Engravings, Photogravures, Copper Plates, Maps and Tables. Western Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 53.
  6. ↑ "Fort Atkinson", Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 5/28/08.
  7. ↑ Andreas, A.T. (1882) "Washington County", History of the State of Nebraska. Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company. Retrieved 4/28/08.
  8. ↑ "Cutler's Park Marker", Florence Historical Society. Retrieved 5/28/08.
  9. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cotrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 6.
  10. ↑ Royce, C.C. (1899) "Indian Land Cessions in the United States," in Powell, J.W. 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896–97, Part 2, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
  11. ↑ Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration. (1970) Nebraska: A Guide to the Cornhusker State. Nebraska State Historical Society. p. 241.
  12. ↑ Hickey, D.R., Wunder, S.A. and Wunder, J.R. (2007) Nebraska Moments: New Edition. University of Nebraska Press. p. 147.
  13. ↑ Sheldon, A.E. (1904) "Chapter VII: Nebraska Territory," Semi-Centennial History of Nebraska. Lincoln, NE: Lemon Publishing. p. 58.
  14. ↑ Andreas, A.T. (1882) "Douglas County", History of the State of Nebraska. Chicago, IL: Western Historical Company. p. 841.
  15. ↑ "More about Nebraska statehood, the location of the capital and the story of the commissioner's homes," Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 12/14/08.
  16. ↑ Baumann, L. Martin, C., Simpson, S. (1990) Omaha's Historic Prospect Hill Cemetery: A History of Prospect Hill Cemetery with Biographical Notes on Over 1400 People Interred Therein. Prospect Hill Cemetery Historical Development Foundation.
  17. ↑ Federal Writers Project. (1939) Nebraska. Nebraska State Historical Society. p. 239.
  18. ↑ Nebraska Territory Legislative Assembly. (1858) House Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska. Volume 5. p. 113.
  19. ↑ Historic Prospect Hill – Omaha's Pioneer Cemetery. Nebraska Department of Education. Retrieved 7/7/07.
  20. ↑ Federal Writers Project. (1939) Nebraska: A guide to the Cornhusker state. Nebraska State Historical Society. p. 219–232.
  21. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 64.
  22. ↑ Union Pacific Railroad Company. (1867) The Union Pacific Railroad Company: Chartered by the United States: Progress of Their Road West from Omaha, Nebraska, Across the Continent: Making, with Its Connections, an Unbroken Line from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean: Five Hundred Miles Completed October 25, 1867. Brown & Hewitt, Printers. p. 5.
  23. ↑ Wishart, D.J. (2004) Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. p. 209.
  24. ↑ Dunbar, S. (1915) A History of Travel in America: Being an Outline of the Development in Modes of Travel from Archaic Vehicles of Colonial Times to the Completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad: the Influence of the Indians on the Free Movement and Territorial Unity of the White Race. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1915. p. 1350. Retrieved 9/25/08.
  25. ↑ Larsen, L. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 73
  26. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 142.
  27. ↑ Taylor, Q. (1999) In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 204.
  28. ↑ Morton, J.S. and Watkins, A. (1918) "Chapter XXXV: Greater Omaha," History of Nebraska: From the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region. Lincoln, NE: Western Publishing and Engraving Company. p. 831.
  29. ↑ United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1888) Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War for the Year. GPO. p. 309. Retrieved 4/11/08.
  30. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 94–95.
  31. ↑ Folsom, B.W. (1999) No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900–1924. Lexington Books. p. 59.
  32. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 183–184.
  33. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 183.
  34. ↑ "The strike at Omaha", The New York Times. March 12, 1882.
  35. ↑ Bristow, D.L. (2002)A Dirty, Wicked Town. Caxton Press. p. 253.
  36. ↑ "About the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition". Omaha Public Library. Retrieved 9/5/08.
  37. ↑ Larsen, L. and Cottrell, B. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 43.
  38. ↑ Larsen and Cotrell. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 135.
  39. ↑ "Cudahy Kidnapping". Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 9/25/07.
  40. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 172.
  41. ↑ "South Omaha mob wars on Greeks", The New York Times. February 22, 1909. Retrieved 5/25/08.
  42. ↑ Nebraska Writers Project. (1940) The Negroes of Nebraska. Works Progress Administration. Woodruff Printing Company. p. 45.
  43. ↑ "Easter came early in 1913", NOAA National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 9/6/08.
  44. ↑ (1994) Street of Dreams. (VHS) Nebraska Public Television.
  45. ↑ Leighton, G.R. (1939) Five Cities: The Story of Their Youth and Old Age. Ayer Publishing. p. 212.
  46. ↑ Salzman, J., Smith, D.J. and West, C. (1996) Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Macmillan Library Reference. p. 1974.
  47. ↑ "Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County." Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 4/30/07.
  48. ↑ (2006) Economic Impact Analysis: Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. United States Air Force. Retrieved 5/28/08.
  49. ↑ (2001) "State's top community development projects honored", Nebraska Department of Economic Development. Retrieved 4/7/07.
  50. ↑ (2004) "125 years of memorable moments," The Creightonian Online. 83(19). Retrieved 7/23/07.
  51. ↑ Wishart, D.J. (2004) Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. p. 72.
  52. ↑ Bednarek, R.D. (1992) The Changing Image of the City: Planning for Downtown Omaha, 1945–1973. University of Nebraska Press, 1992 p. 57.
  53. ↑ Luebtke, F.C. (2005) Nebraska: An Illustrated History. University of Nebraska Press. p. 372.
  54. ↑ (2006) NAACP v. Heineman. NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved 5/28/08.
  55. ↑ Alexander, D. (1993) Natural Disasters. CRC Press. p. 183.
  56. ↑ Larsen, L.H. and Cottrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p. 296.
  57. ↑ "W. Dale Clark Library", Omaha Public Library. Retrieved 8/25/08.
  58. ↑ Gratz, R.B. (1996) The Living City: How America's Cities Are Being Revitalized by Thinking Small in a Big Way. John Wiley and Sons. p. v.
  59. ↑ "Renovation of the Historic Livestock Exchange Building in Omaha", US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved 6/22/07.
  60. ↑ Bednarek, J.R.D. (1992) The Changing Image of the City: Planning for Downtown Omaha, 1945–1973. University of Nebraska Press. p. 56.
  61. ↑ Stempel, J. (2008) "Omaha bets on NoDo to extend downtown revival", Reuters. May 6, 2008. Retrieved 5/28/08.
  62. ↑ Kynaski, J. "West Dodge keeps booming," Omaha World-Herald. January 16, 2006.
  63. ↑ Sindt, R.P. and Shultz, S. "Can Omaha Fill More Condos? City Picks Downtown Developer For Project", Omaha World-Herald. December 14, 2005. Retrieved 9/21/08.
  64. ↑ Market Segmentation: The Omaha Condominium Market, University of Nebraska at Omaha. Retrieved 9/21/08.
  65. ↑ Jordan, S. (January 8, 2009) "Blue Cross building new Omaha headquarters", Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved 1/16/09.
  66. ↑ (2006) "Mutual of Omaha Unveils Midtown Crossing at Turner Park Development". Mutual of Omaha website. Retrieved 5/18/07.
  67. ↑ (2007)Urban Design Element Implementation Measures. OmahaByDesign. p. 6. Retrieved 9/26/08.
  68. ↑ "Thousands Watch Bob Kerrey Bridge Lighting Ceremony", KETV. September 13, 2008. Retrieved 9/21/08.
  69. ↑ "Riverfront Place – ‘Unique New Urban Neighborhood’", City of Omaha. November 5, 2003. Retrieved 9/21/08.
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  74. ↑ Folsom, B.W. (1999) No More Free Markets Or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900–1924. Lexington Books. p. 61. Retrieved 9/27/08.
  75. ↑ Luebke, F.C. (2005) Nebraska: An Illustrated History. University of Nebraska Press, 2005 p. 246.
  76. ↑ "The History of Omaha Sister Cities Association." Omaha Sister Cities Association. Retrieved 12/8/08.

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