Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά

Πρότυπο:Being translated Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά (ΜΙ) αποτελούν ένα παγκόσμιο Χριστιανικό θρήσκευμα. Κάποιες από τις θεμελιώδεις διδασκαλίες και πρακτικές τους είναι οι εξής:

• Χρήση του Εβραϊκού ονόματος του Θεού, που αποδίδεται συνήθως Ιεχωβά στην ελληνική γλώσσα.
• Ουδέτερη στάση στις πολιτικές υποθέσεις και στις στρατιωτικές διαμάχες.
• Εμφανής προσπάθεια για την προσέλκυση οπαδών (προσηλυτισμός), περιλαμβανομένων των προσωπικών επισκέψεων σε γείτονες και τη διεξαγωγή δωρεάν οικιακών Γραφικών μελετών χρησιμοποιώντας τα έντυπά τους και την Αγία Γραφή.
• Ένα "μικρό ποίμνιο" από 144.000 "χρισμένους" αναμένεται να πάει στον ουρανό ως πνευματικά πλάσματα για να είναι βασιλιάδες και ιερείς με τον Ιησού, ώστε να κυβερνήσουν τους πιστούς ανθρώπους στη γη-περιλαμβανομένου και του "μεγάλου πλήθους" που θα επιζήσει από την επικείμενη καταστροφή του Αρμαγεδδώνα
• Πιστά άτομα που δεν έχουν χριστεί από το άγιο πνεύμα (που δεν είναι μέλη των 144.000) αποτελούν την τάξη των ατόμων που περιγράφεται ως το "μεγάλο πλήθος" των πιστών οι οποίοι θα απολαύσουν αιώνια ζωή στη γη ως τέλειοι άνθρωποι αν παραμείνουν πιστοί σε αρμονία με τις απαιτήσεις του Θεού. Δεν είναι αναγεννημένοι ούτε συμμετέχουν στο Δείπνο του Κυρίου λαβαίνοντας από το ψωμί και το κρασί στον ετήσιο εορτασμό των Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά.

Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά διακηρύττουν ότι είναι Χριστιανοί αλλά δεν αποδέχονται πολλά από τα δόγματα των θρησκειών του Χριστιανικού κόσμου, όπως η Τριάδα, η αιώνια τιμωρία στην Κόλαση ή ότι όλοι οι Χριστιανοί πρόκειται να πάνε στον ουρανό.

Πρόλευση

Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά πιστεύουν ότι σύντομα μετά τον θάνατο των τελευταίων αποστόλων, η εκκλησία απομακρύνθηκε σε μεγάλο βαθμό από την αρχική πίστη, προκαλώντας την Μεγάλη Αποστασία. Σύμφωνα με τα έντυπά τους πιστεύουν τα εξής: "Ο ηλικίας 1900 ετών 'πιστός και φρόνιμος δούλος'-η παλιά Χριστιανική εκκλησία-ήταν εκείνος στον οποίο ο Κύριος ενεπιστεύθη αυτή την πολύτιμη υπηρεσία της Βασιλείας. ...ευπειθής στην μακραίωνη αποστολή του, αποστολή μαρτύρων στη γη, ...ο ωριμασμένος 'δούλος', όπως αντεπροσωπεύετο από ένα υπόλοιπο, έστεκε τώρα έτοιμος για νέους διορισμούς υπηρεσίας". (Η Σκοπιά, 15 Οκτωβρίου 1960 σ. 468 [ελληνική έκδοση], 15 Ιουλίου 1960 σ. 436 [αγγλική έκδοση]) Πιστεύουν ότι αυτό συνέβη το 1919. Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά θεωρούν ότι η αποκατάσταση της αληθινής κατανόησης των Γραφών ξεκίνησε και πάλι όταν ο Κάρολος Τέηζ Ρώσσελ και οι σύντροφοί του άρχισαν να μελετούν βαθιά την Αγία Γραφή τη δεκαετία του 1870 στο Αλεγκένι της Πενσυλβανίας.

Καθώς γεννήθηκε Πρεσβυτεριανός, ο Ρώσσελ ανέπτυξε εκτίμηση για την σπουδαιότητα της Γραφικής μελέτης από τις αρχικές επαφές με τους Μιλλερίτες και άλλες παρεμφερείς ομάδες. Το 1881 σχηματίστηκε η Εταιρία Σκοπιά και το 1884 έγινε αναγνωρισμένο σωματείο με πρόεδρο τον Ρώσσελ.

Το 1914 ιδρύθηκε ο Διεθνής Σύλλογος Σπουδαστών της Γραφής στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία. Ο Ρώσσελ πέθανε το 1916.

Την περίοδο μετά τον θάνατο του Ρώσσελ έλαβαν χώρα κάποιες σημαντικές δογματικές αλλαγές στην οργάνωση. Κάποιοι που παρέμεναν προσκολλημένοι στις διδασκαλίες του Ρώσσελ επέλεξαν να αποσυνταυτιστούν από την Βιβλική και Φυλλαδική Εταιρία Σκοπιά, πιστεύωντας ότι μετά το θάνατο του Ρώσσελ ο σκοπός της Βιβλικής και Φυλλαδικής Εταιρίας άλλαξε εντελώς.

Το 1931, όταν πρόεδρος της Βιβλικής και Φυλλαδικής Εταιρίας Σκοπιά ήταν ο Ιωσήφ Φραγκλίνος Ρόδερφορντ, όσοι παρέμεναν συνταυτισμένοι με την Εταιρία υιοθέτησαν το όνομα "Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά". Το όνομα αυτό βασίζεται στο εδάφιο Ησαΐας 43:10 το οποίο αναφέρει: "'Εσείς είστε μάρτυρές μου', λέει ο Ιεχωβά" (Μετάφραση Νέου Κόσμου) ("Γένεσθέ μοι μάρτυρες, ...λέγει Κύριος ο Θεός" - Μετάφραση Ο'). Το όνομά τους είναι από τα πιο προφανή χαρακτηριστικά που τους διαφοροποιούν από τα άλλα Χριστιανικά θρησκεύματα.

Μέλη

Κύριο άρθρο: Οργανωτική δομή των Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά

Τα μέλη αυτής της θρησκευτικής ομάδας διακρίνονται για την ποικιλία αλλά και την αδελφική ενότητα τους και για το ότι είναι αξιοσημείωτα διαφορετικοί λόγω των δογμάτων και των πρακτικών τους. Τον Αύγουστο του 2004

The group's members are noted for their diverse but close-knit brotherhood, and their markedly different teachings and practice. As of August 2004, Jehovah's Witnesses have a practicing membership worldwide of more than 6.5 million individuals. According to data reported in the Annual Worldwide Statistics at the Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses:

"While other religious groups count their membership by occasional or annual attendance, this figure reflects only those who are actively involved in the public Bible educational work."

This statistic is based on the service report completed by each publisher every month indicating the amount of time they have personally spent in the ministry and other relevant information. (Publishers are both baptized and non-baptized persons who engage in any and all aspects of the evangelizing work.) These reports are compiled and forwarded to the appropriate Branch Office. To be classed as an active member, and counted in the yearly collated figures, members must serve at least one hour a month in the preaching work, or 15 minutes a month for elderly members, or those that are otherwise physically restricted.

Jehovah's Witnesses commemorate the Memorial of Christ's death, (also known as the Lord's Evening Meal or Lord's Supper), annually. Worldwide attendance at the 2004 celebration of the Memorial was 16,760,607. This is obviously in excess of the more than 6.5 million individuals regularly associated with the congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses around the world, but includes many visitors and interested persons. Of this only 8,565 persons participated in eating and drinking the memorial emblems of the unleavened bread and of the wine. These are the only anointed ones, or "remnant," Witnesses believe are going to heaven out of a literal 144,000. See the 2004 Report of Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide which shows the "memorial partakers" at the bottom of the spreadsheet.

Jehovah's Witnesses generally exhibit a high degree of commitment to their religion, attending meetings three times a week (totaling approximately five hours) in their local Kingdom Halls and in private homes. Larger gatherings (called assemblies or conventions) are held usually three times a year in assembly halls that are owned or maintained by the Watchtower Society or in rented public facilities, such as sports stadiums or auditoriums. The offices of the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses are located in Brooklyn, New York. There are over 100 Branch Offices in various countries and lands around the world.

See also Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Πεποιθήσεις και δόγματα

See the related article Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses for additional details.

The teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses differ from most Christian groups in several ways. For example, they reject the doctrine of the Trinity, asserting that it is a pagan belief derived from ancient Babylonian religion. They also reject the immortality of the soul, (Ezekiel 18:4), and eternal punishment of the wicked in hell. They believe that the earth will, following Armageddon, be restored to a global paradise, (Psalms 104:5) and that God will permanently destroy the wicked - ending their lives - rather than eternally punishing them in hell (Ecclesiastes 9:5).

Η Θειότητα του Χριστού

Because of their rejection of the Trinity doctrine, many conclude that Jehovah's Witnesses deny the divinity of Jesus. Their belief is that Jesus was Michael the archangel who became a man and he is God's only begotten son, and the appointed ruler over God's Kingdom for a thousand years. They believe Jesus is 'a god' and even a 'Mighty God' and the Prince of Peace (a title applied to him from Isaiah 9:6). They believe that the Greek term theos, also applied to Jesus at John 1:1 can correctly be translated 'divine'. (Note that John 1:1 speaks: "In the beginning was the Word". The Word spoken of here is God's Son, Jesus. Jehovah God had no beginning, thus it could not be referring to the Almighty God.) Thus, Jehovah's Witnesses reject the doctrine that Jesus is Jehovah, the "Almighty God". Rather, they believe that when Jesus is called "the firstborn of all creation", (New World Translation - Colossians 1:15; Revelations 3:14; Proverbs 8:22), this signifies someone who was created by the Almighty God, Jehovah.

Το Όνομα του Θεού

The Witnesses use a Latin-derived pronunciation of Yahweh, namely Jehovah, because of the frequency of use of this name in the Hebrew scriptures, or Old Testament. It also emphasizes their rejection of the Trinity doctrine. Furthermore, they believe that the use of God's personal name is required in order to build a personal relationship with him and to be saved.

They assert in their New World Translation that the divine name was removed from scriptural manuscripts over the centuries due to Jewish superstition and Church's own edits, which they claim were for the purposes of maintaining control over doctrine and thus unfaithful to what was originally written. Their Bible translation committee utilized comparative texts and manuscripts to arrive at which locations to restore 'Jehovah' within the text of their translation. Where the original Hebrew letters used to represent the divine name are found in ancient manuscripts, many translations place in all capital letters the terms "LORD" or "GOD", and other various titles. It is the use of the name "Jehovah" in all these instances, rather than titles such as "GOD" or "LORD", that makes the Jehovah's Witnesses feel that their New World Translation is more consistent than other translations.

Διαφορετικοί Προορισμοί

Jehovah's Witnesses hold that believers are classified into two groups. The one class is called "the anointed." These are limited in number to 144,000 based on certain passages of scripture in the book of Revelation, and those of the anointed class remaining alive today are called "the remnant." The anointed are considered the "joint heirs" with Christ, and will rule and reign with him from heaven, and are the only believers with a hope of heaven. Although Jehovah's Witnesses believe the Bible to be the inspired Word of God, they hold that some scriptures in the Bible are directed only to the anointed class and therefore do not apply to the majority of Jehovah's Witnesses in a direct way. One example of this is the passage John 3:3. Jehovah's Witnesses hold that only the "anointed" are "born again" in accordance to Jesus' words to Nicodemus, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God."

The other class according to Jehovah's Witnesses' beliefs, was identified in 1935, and was then called the "Jonadab class." Today they are referred to as the "other sheep" based on the passage in John 10:16 where Jesus speaks of having "other sheep. . . that are not of this fold." This identification for the "other sheep" differs radically from the current mainstream view of this passage, namely that Jesus would bring his Jewish believers (little flock) and Gentile believers (other sheep) together into one fold, in his Church.

This "other sheep" class of Jehovah's Witnesses make up more than 99% of their believers today. Though they are not "born again" as reigning "kings and priests" in God's Heavenly Kingdom, they anticipate being subjects of God's kingdom, enjoying everlasting life on a peaceful, paradisaic earth (Psalms 37:9-11, 29). This doctrine of two classes of believers is unique to Jehovah's Witnesses, having no corresponding doctrine within the rest of Christianity.

The "anointed" Witnesses are generally older, as they believe that the "ingathering" of this heavenly class ceased for the most part in 1914. Rarely will one find a younger "anointed" one, but the idea that individual "anointed" ones can be rejected is not unheard of. "Anointed" believers are generally given no more consideration than other elderly believers. They can be disfellowshipped (excommunicated) for the same sins as the "other sheep," and hold no special office within the congregational arrangement. Historically, only "anointed" members have been chosen to serve on their Governing Body.

Εξέλιξη

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God is the creator of all things. They do not accept theories of universal common descent that suggest that as the first living organism(s) reproduced it (they) changed into different kinds of living things, ultimately producing all forms of plant and animal life that have ever existed on this earth. Rather, they believe that living things were created 'each according to their kind,' referencing the Bible book of Genesis.

They also do not agree with the concept of abiogenesis, often incorrectly attributed to the theories of evolution, that state that the first living organism developed from lifeless matter by wholly naturalistic means.

Ουδετερότητα

Jehovah's Witnesses also do not salute the flag of any country for two reasons. First, to do so would be a compromise of their belief of being politically neutral. Secondly, they believe that such an act would be tantamount to worshiping an idol. Correspondingly, they do not use any images or icons in their worship, including the symbol of the cross. Jehovah's Witnesses are discouraged from voting in elections, but not prohibited from voting. (Watchtower 1 Nov 1999. p.28) They do not run for any political office, following the example Jesus set in fleeing from those who sought to make him king. (John 6:15)

Αναφορικά με άλλα θρησκέυματα και θρησκείες

Witnesses believe that there is only one true religion - that taught by Jesus Christ in the Bible, namely true Christianity. They consider that their faith is the only true restoration of that first-century Christianity. They believe that the existence of absolute truth precludes the possibility that different religions, confessing a multitude of conflicting doctrines, are equally acceptable. Hence, they do not participate in interfaith initiatives or the ecumenical movement.

While considering the teachings of other religious organizations to be in error, Jehovah's Witnesses recognize that there are sincere people in all religious traditions and respect the right of each person to choose his religion. Young persons who are Jehovah's Witnesses are encouraged to respect their parents, even if one or both does not share their convictions.

Έντυπα

Jehovah's Witnesses make vigorous efforts to spread their beliefs throughout the world in a variety of ways, with particular emphasis on the written word. The Bible is their prime source of teaching.

• Αγία Γραφή-Μετάφραση Νέου Κόσμου (ΜΝΚ) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc (a legal organisation body for Jehovah's Witnesses). This is the Bible translation primarily used by Jehovah's Witnesses. The English edition of this translation is available in many editions, including print, Braille, audio, and electronic online media. The translation has also been re-translated into many other languages, although most of these rely on translations from the English edition rather than the original texts, in part due to the difficulty of acquiring skilled interpreters between the original languages and many of the more obscure modern languages. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society also publishes other translations and references many others in their publications. The New World Translation has been heavily criticized. The claims are that it is biased in its translation to support the Jehovah's Witnesses theology.

Their teachings are presented through a wide variety of books, magazines and other publications. Their publications make extensive use of references and quotations from the Bible. They are perhaps best known for their use of a particular pair of journals:

• Ξύπνα!, published in over 87 languages, is a general-interest semimonthly magazine covering many topics from a religious perspective. It has an average circulation of 22.8 million copies per issue.
• Η Σκοπιά, published in more than 150 languages, focuses mainly on doctrine. With an average circulation of 26.4 million copies semimonthly, The Watchtower is the most widely distributed religious magazine in the world, and is available in various editions and media formats.

Both The Watchtower and Awake! are published simultaneously in dozens of languages. In addition to the formats mentioned above, both magazines are available in various audio and electronic formats and some of the articles from these magazines are available online. After the end of each year the issues are collected and re-released in a printed annual edition, commonly referred to as a bound volume. In addition to this, the Watchtower Library computer program contains several decades worth of articles for both magazines and is updated on an annual basis. (Until 2003, this was only done biennially.)

New books, brochures, and other items are released from time to time, major releases being announced at their annual conventions. Additionally, a number of audio cassettes, videocassettes, and DVDs have been produced featuring various aspects of the group's beliefs, practices, organziation, and history. Some of these also provide dramas based on various Biblical accounts. Recent years have seen a proliferation of material available on their website.

Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά και οι κυβερνήσεις

Κύριο άρθρο: Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά και οι κυβερνήσεις.

Jehovah's Witnesses take seriously the Biblical injunction to "Render . . . to all their dues." (Romans 13:7) Thus, paying taxes and in other ways obeying the laws of their respective countries are strongly encouraged, and they have often been commended for doing so. However, primarily because of their stance on political neutrality Jehovah's Witnesses have had conflict and at times outright persecution from some governments and their legal systems. This has been true even in several democratic countries with a rule of law and standards of human rights, including Canada, France, Greece and the United States. The justifications brought forth by governmental authorities were that certain practices of the Witnesses were contrary to the rules of society. Among the cited reasons (not all apply in the case of each country; see main article):

• some manifestations of the Witnesses' insistence on "remaining politically neutral", in practice:
  • refusal to salute the national flag;
  • refusal to participate in the military;
  • refusal to participate in political processes, even democratic ones;
• the refusal of blood transfusions for any reason, including for minor children.

In some undemocratic regimes, the refusal to salute the flag and to participate in military operation is often viewed as treason. The issue of the flag salute and Jehovah's Witnesses was first raised in Nazi Germany in the years prior to World War II. The Nazi regime sent German and Austrian Jehovah's Witnesses who refused allegiance to the Nazi state and military service to concentration camps. See Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust.

Today, most countries that practice mandatory military service routinely place Jehovah's witnesses in jail for their refusal to accept military duties, along with other conscientious objectors. In Singapore, for example, Jehovah's witnesses face a three-year jail term (military service is two years) and in Taiwan, a jail term is imposed before a further 33 month period serving alternative practices such as fire-fighting or nursing.

According to the book Judging Jehovah's Witnesses, Jehovah's Witnesses have helped to widen the definition of civil liberties in most western societies, hence broadening the rights of millions of people, due their firm stand and determination. According to the preface to the book State and Salvation: “One of the results” of the Witnesses’ legal battles “was the long process of discussion and debate that led to the Charter of Rights,” which is now part of the fundamental law of Canada. Thus it has been said that Jehovah's Witnesses have contributed more in the area of civil rights than any other religion.

Εναντίωση στους Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά

Throughout their history, their beliefs, doctrines and practices have met controversy and opposition among societies and other religions, including orthodox Christian groups. Many religious groups consider the interpretation and doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses to be false teachings (see Christian cults, Heresy). The Witnesses are sometimes mentioned on lists of "cults" because their religious beliefs are different from those normally held by the majority of Christians, or because of issues with their organizational structure, or because of their positions on blood transfusions. Others claim the Witnesses' status as a cult is derived from recruitment and indoctrination techniques, including alleged brainwashing. These critics point out the self-evident invalidity of any religion which strips its believers of free will, and claim that the Jehovah's Witnesses fit that description. [1]

Jehovah's Witnesses have often been the subject of religious and political controversy. Political and religious animosity against them has at times led to mob action and government oppression, including the targeting of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Holocaust and widespread criticism from those of other faiths.[2], [3]

Οχλοκρατική βία στις ΗΠΑ

For example, in the United States in the late 1930s and into 1940, mob violence against Jehovah's Witnesses became widespread and rampant. On June 16, 1940, the United States attorney general, Francis Biddle, made a radio broadcast over a coast-to-coast network in an effort to quiet the mob action. Here is an excerpt from that statement:

" . . . Jehovah's witnesses have been repeatedly set upon and beaten. They had committed no crime; but the mob adjudged they had, and meted out mob punishment. The Attorney General has ordered an immediate investigation of these outrages. The people must be alert and watchful, and above all cool and sane. Since mob violence will make the government's task infinitely more difficult, it will not be tolerated. We shall not defeat the Nazi evil by emulating its methods."

Strong resentment and anger were sometimes directed at the group (then called Bible students) in the 1910s and 1920s due to the Watch Tower Society's outspoken manner, members carrying placards outside many churches, and in the streets proclaiming the imminent destruction of church members, along with both church and government institutions if they did not flee from "false religion" was not an uncommon sight. Typical examples of the Watchtower's attitude are found in the Watch Tower Society's book publication The Finished Mystery (SS-7), 1917 edition: "Also, in the year 1918, when God destroys the churches wholesale and the church members by millions, it shall be that any that escape shall come to the works of Pastor Russell to learn the meaning of the downfall of 'Christianity.'" (Page 485) "The people who are the strength of Christendom shall be cut off in the brief but terribly eventful period beginning in 1918 A.D. A third part are 'burned with fire in the midst of the city.' Fire symbolizes destruction. . . .After 1918 the people supporting churchianity will cease to be its supporters, be destroyed as adherents, by the spiritual pestilence of errors abroad, and by the famine of the Word of God among them." (Pages 398, 399) The Bible Students believed religion was a "racket and a snare" and refused to be identified as a 'religion' for some time.

The language used by the Witnesses and their organisation was widely considered inflammatory and was deemed illegal propaganda in many societies for inciting intolerance and potential violence, hatred or sedition (although they refuse to bear arms or partake in political struggles). The Finished Mystery Watchtower’s book pg 128: "It seems conclusive that the hour of Nominal Zion's travail is fixed for the Passover of 1918. (See Rev. 3:14.) That will be 7 years prior to 1925. At that time there is every reason to believe the fallen angels will invade the minds of many of the Nominal Church people, driving them to exceedingly unwise conduct and leading to their destruction at the hands of the enraged masses, who will later be dragged to the same fate." The churches of Christendom and their members were mindful of the propaganda directed at them, and the Watch Tower Society's members were less than welcomed by many in society for their previous outspoken highly vocal warnings of destruction and death directed towards governments, unbelievers, churches and church members, again, at the hand of God.

Many criticize the organization's practice of excommunicating termed "disfellowshipping" members, a practice claimed to be based on scriptural precedents, such as those found at 1 Corinthians 5:1-13, 1 Timothy 1:19, 20; and Titus 3:10, 11. Disfellowshipping occurs when a member unrepentantly or repetitiously violates the moral standards Jehovah's Witnesses accept as Biblically binding on all. Choosing to no longer be one of Jehovah's Witnesses by submitting a written letter would result in the same. When a member is disfellowshipped, their believing friends and family do not speak to them, except in cases of neccessity.(Ex:Living in the same house.) Members of the congregation who otherwise repetitiously engage in conversation with disfellowshipped individuals risk being disfellowshipped themselves.

Since members are strongly discouraged from forming strong personal relationships outside of the organization, the practice can make it very difficult to leave. Many also criticize the Witnesses' policies of not participating in political activities, or in some activities commonplace outside of their faith community, and thus allege that the Witnesses willfully do not integrate into their community, and prevent their children from doing so.

Many also view door-to-door evangelizing as an invasion of privacy, especially in societies where religious beliefs are considered a private matter not discussed with strangers, and thus prozelytizing is considered unusual and rude. They may also view it as an annoyance akin to door-to-door peddling; some people pretend to not be at home when the Witnesses stop by. Some people have concerns about prozelytizing among minors (see below). Jehovah Witnesses base their practice of evangelism on scriptures, such as Matthew 28:18-20; they cite Acts 20:20 as scriptural support for the manner in which this activity is carried out, and receive additional encouragement in this activity from their literature and local congregations.

Hostility from traditional, fundamentalist and evangelical Christians has been common, perhaps because of this group's rejection of many of the doctrines of mainstream Christian groups. For example, they teach that Jesus Christ is God's first creation rather than God Himself, and that the Holy Spirit is not a person but God's active force. Traditional Christians believe this contradicts the translation of John 1:1 given in the King James Bible and other popular English translations; Jehovah's Witnesses translate this verse differently. (See also New World Translation for more on this controversy.) Many have been critical of their opinion that our current time period is "the last days."

Depending on geographic location, Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of misleading youth, engaging in satanic worship or supporting zionism, communism, fascism, capitalism, democracy or pacifism. Because of their neutral political stand, Jehovah's Witnesses have often been accused of being disloyal to the state in both totalitarian and "free" nations. They have been sent to prisons, concentration camps, and even been executed. At times non-Witness family members and acquaintances have presented stiff, even violent opposition to their faith.(Watchtower 4/15/1982; 12/1/1980; 9/1/1979)[4]

Although uncommon, hate crimes have occurred against Jehovah's Witnesses because of their beliefs and practices. On the other hand, many people are cordial to the Witnesses. [5]

The installation of Kingdom Halls (the Witnesses' meeting places) is sometimes met by local opposition. As an example, in 1995 the inhabitants of the village of Remomeix (resp. Deyvillers) in the Vosges département of France opposed the installation of Kingdom Halls. [6][7] Reasons given were the fear of aggressive prozelytizing of minors, and the large size of the installations. In both cases, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses attending the Hall would have well exceeded the total population of the village.

Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά και το ζήτημα του αίματος

It is well known that Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions [8]. This is based on their understanding of the Bible admonition to "keep abstaining from blood" (Acts 15:28, 29), Jehovah's Witnesses refrain from accepting any blood transfusion or whole blood products. See also Genesis 9:4 and Leviticus 17:10.

The refusal of blood transfusions is one point of contention concerning Jehovah's Witnesses. In several countries, law may impose limitations on physicians on the ability to withhold or withdraw blood transfusions or blood therapy from minors, particularly in life-threatening situations; parents who have prevented children under their care from receiving blood therapy in life-threatening situations may be considered criminals.

See also Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses: Medicine and Health for additional information on this subject.

Οι Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά και η εσχατολογία

Since their formation in the 1880s, leaders of the organization have sought to identify dates for end-time events such as the enthronement of Jesus as King in Heaven, the return of Jesus Christ, the return of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and for the "end of this system of things," culminating in Armageddon.

In the group's early period, during the late 1800s, Jehovah's Witnesses (then called Bible Students) believed that the return of Jesus Christ would be a visible, dramatic and world shattering event, a position also commonly held among many other Christian groups. They believed that the "time of the end" (also called the "last days") had started in 1799, and that the culmination of Armageddon would occur in 1914, and for nearly fifty years believed and taught that the date for Christ's enthronement as heavenly King had occurred in 1874. Many years later in 1930, the Witnesses' organization moved the dates forward, and believed the beginning of the biblical "last days" and the enthronement of Jesus Christ as King, had now occurred in 1914, not 1799 and 1874, and that his return in 1914 was invisible to all but those with "eyes of understanding." The Bible passage urging believers to watch for Jesus' return, which would come "in like manner as you have seen him go into heaven" (Acts 1:11, KJV) is understood by Jehovah's Witnesses to be visible only with the "eyes of understanding."

Other dates proclaimed to be time of God's judgement on humankind and the culmination of Armageddon, were 1915, 1918, 1920 and 1925. The return of Old Testament men including Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob was an event anticipated by many Jehovah's Witnesses in the year 1925 based on writings in their Journal, The Watchtower, the book Millions Now Living Will Never Die, and various other Watch Tower Society publications. When these events did not occur, there was a period of discouragement and some left the organization at that time, but the majority saw it only as a temporary disappointment. In 1929 the second president of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph F. Rutherford, also called "Judge Rutherford", built a luxury villa in California called Beth Sarim for the claimed purpose of housing the prophets and godly men of old, who were expected to be physically resurrected after Armageddon to help with Christ's Millennial reign over the earth, even though they had failed to materialize as predicted in 1925. A local paper published a humorous interview with Rutherford about the villa in March 1930. Rutherford used the villa himself for many years until his death in 1942, and in 1948 the luxury villa was sold.

During the 1960s and early 1970s, many Witnesses, stimulated by suggestive articles in their literature and further encouraged by overzealous speakers at their assemblies prior to 1975, believed and hoped that Armageddon and Christ's thousand-year millennial reign would begin by 1975. While Witnesses were reminded by the Watch Tower Society in the Watchtower magazine of 15 August 1968, p. 501 that they had "not dedicated their lives to serve Jehovah only until 1975," many concluded to serve God with a date in mind. Although the view of Armageddon and Christ's millennium beginning in 1975 was never fully, or explicitly supported by the Watch Tower Society, many in the organisations' writing department, as well as several leading Witnesses, Elders, and presiding overseers in the organisation, heavily suggested that Christ's millennial reign over earth would begin by 1975. Because of considerable speculation created by members of Watchtower Society and Witnesses in general, in 1974 just prior to the failure of the 1975 date suggested as the beginning of Christ reign on earth and Armageddon, the Watchtower magazine 15 October 1974 p. 635 quoted a prepared assembly talk, "Why we have not been told the Day or Hour" of when God will bring the end (Armageddon). This attempt to draw the Witnesses away from the "day or hour" had little impact on members already convinced.

While Witnesses have always been encouraged to increase the preaching work, and avoid secular life goals or careers that interfere with their spirituality, this emphasis was especially strong prior to 1975. Some Witnesses gave up jobs, college, and some imprudently sold their houses in the hopeful expectation that God's Kingdom would literally be established on earth in 1975 after the biblical Armageddon, encouraged to by the Watch Tower Soceity: "Reports are heard of brothers selling their homes and property and planning to finish out the rest of their days in this old system in the pioneer service. Certainly this is a fine way to spend the short time remaining before the wicked world's end." (Kingdom ministry magazine May 1974) Some irresponsibly ran up debt hoping not to have to pay it back, and some unwisely spent their life savings believing that the 1975 date was a certain and unchangeable fact due to the many encouraging Watch Tower articles. In spite of the Watch Tower Society’s previous admonition that Witnesses should let 'nothing cause them to tire and give out '(Watchtower, 15 August 1968, p. 501), there were many who left the organisation (or became inactive) in the late 1970s due to this disappointment of Armageddon not coming in 1975, although the majority remained loyal. While baptisms continued at over 100,000 per year (around 200,000 in 1976) the organisation lost more members than it gained after 1975 for a few years until 1979 when numbers started to recover and increase.

Jehovah's Witnesses have preached that these are the biblical "last days" leading to Armageddon since the year 1914. They taught for many decades that the "generation alive in 1914 would not pass away before Armageddon came and the new system under Christ's rule started." This literal interpretation of the term "generation" in Matthew 24:34 was abandoned by the group in 1994, eighty years after 1914. The Witnesses' viewpoint of the "end of the world" differs significantly from that of other apocalyptic religions. While the Witnesses do believe that the present system of things is at its end, they do not believe that the earth itself will be destroyed or that all of humankind will be wiped out. Rather, they believe that only wicked mankind (including political, false religious organizations, and those who support them) will be destroyed. For further discussion of this, see "Beliefs and Doctrines" above.

Κύρια άρθρα

• Οργανωτική δομή των Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά
• Πρακτικές των Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά
• Δόγματα των Μαρτύρων του Ιεχωβά

See also:

• Legal instruments of Jehovah's Witnesses - A brief history of the legal corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses
• Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust
• List of Christian denominations
• Christology
• Holy Spirit
• Socinianism

Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι

Official websites of Jehovah's Witnesses

• The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society official web site
• Jehovah's Witnesses—Who Are They? What Do They Believe? on the official web site
• Jehovah's Witnesses: Authorized Site of the Office of Public Information
• New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
• God's Name--Its Meaning and Pronunciation Jehovah's Witnesses' brochure about the name Jehovah

Additional websites

• West Virginia Board of Education Vs. Barnette et al. - Documentation of 1943 Supreme Court ruling regarding Jehovah's Witnesses' rights in not saluting the flag
• ReligionFacts.com - About Jehovah's Witnesses, including comparision chart with mainstream Protestant Christianity.
• Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance - About Jehovah's Witnesses.
• Beliefnet:Jehovah's Witnesses
• Faith on the March A history of the origins of the group written by A.H. Macmillan in 1957.
• Thank Jehovah's Witnesses for Speech Freedoms short article outlining legal battles of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States, resulting in greater freedoms for Americans as a whole (dated 30 March 2000)
• Interactive Map of the Worldwide Work Map showing JW numbers worldwide.

Information critical of the group

• Quotes demonstrates how many JW beliefs have changed, totally reversed, or are contradictory.
• Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood A discussion that promotes changes to the Watchtower Society's blood doctrine. The site contains extensive articles, and analysis for this position revealing what is seen as flawed, unscriptural reasoning and double standards of the Watchtower organisation in regard to Blood Transfusions and how these affect the lives of members.
• Free minds - Critical discussions about Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines; includes Watchtower's Prophecies
• JehovahsWitnessOnline.com - A message board for discussions on Jehovah's Witness doctrine
• Jehovah's-Witness.com A large archived message board community of mainly Ex-Jehovah’s Witnesses discussing a large critical body of work about Jehovah's Witness and the Watchtower organisation
• Silent lambs - for those Jehovah's Witnesses who claim they were victims of sexual molestation within their religious organisation. A controversial site dealing in many criticism of the Watchtower organisation and its policies of dealing with child molestation victims within the church organisation.
• The Watchtower's United Nations Controversy - Involvement of Watchtower Society with the United Nations (Beast of Revelation)
• Watchtower News A site that lists the most current news items involving Jehovah's Witnesses or the Watchtower organisation
• Watchtower Observer
• JW Files—Research on Jehovah's Witnesses A large researched site headed by subject grouping, with many original scans from the Watch Tower Society's literature, exposing critical subject matter, and discussing many important doctrinal and ethical issues.
• The Rick A. Ross Institute
• Watchtower Corporation Critic

Critical Books

Crisis of Conscience by Raymond Franz a former Governing Body member of the Watchtower organisation for nine years (the highest level of Jehovah's Witnesses). He looks in detail at the history of the organisation, its history of unfulfilled prophecies, how its doctrines and practices have arisen, and how they have changed/reversed over time, uproots highly controversial information with full scanned proofs, and their often negative affects on the lives of Jehovah's Witnesses. An extensive fully documented research into the Watchtower organisation from someone with high-level comprehensive first hand experience. Paperback ISBN 0914675230. Hardback ISBN 0914675249. Publisher: Commentary Press; 4th edition (1 June 2002)

In Search of Christian Freedom by Raymond Franz. A follow up to the book Crisis of Conscience exploring all the doctrinal issues in a Christian's life, based on the Bible in light of the Watchtower's doctrines. A fully comprehensive and very detailed biblical coverage of what it means to be a Christian for those who are, or were, Jehovah's Witnesses. A very exhaustive management of all aspects of the Watchtower's teachings and how most do not match up with the Bible according to the Bible based discussions given. ISBN 0914675168 Publisher: Commentary Press (October 1991, internally updated in 2002)

The Sign of the Last Days - When? by Carl O. Jonsson. A well documented case against the Watchtower organisation's interpretation of the 'sign of the Last Days' as beginning in 1914. Carl O. Jonsson reveals the historical part-truths and disaster statistics that the society uses to try and back its 1914 'Last Days' doctrine and he points to the time of Jesus' resurrection as actual beginning of Jesus' Heavenly Kingship and the 'Last Days'. He reasons with the Bible and the fully revealed disaster statistics for famine, plague, wars, and earthquakes. ISBN 0914675095 Publisher: Commentary Press (1 September 1987)

Where is the "Great Crowd" Serving God? by Jon Mitchell, a booklet by the former secretary to the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. He covers the biblical doctrines about the heavenly reward for Christians, and he points to there being no biblical difference between the "Great Crowd" and the 144,000 of Revelation. He covers the Watchtower's "anointed" doctrine and exposes it as unscriptural in light of the Bible's teachings. ISBN 9993518972 Publisher: Commentary Press (1 December 1992)

Links supportive of the group

• Apologetics
• Books, Audio Debates, Apologetics
• A discussion board run by Jehovah's Witnesses
• New World Translation of Jehovah's Witnesses defence website

Real estate

• Jehovah's Witnesses Dormitory, 90 Sands Street, Broooklyn
• Watchtower Complex, 85 Jay Street, Brooklyn

el:Μάρτυρες του Ιεχωβά