Μάγκνα Κάρτα: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

Magna Carta
	Cotton MS. Augustus II. 106, ένα από τα μόνο τέσσερα παραδείγματα του πρωτότυπου κειμένου του 1215.
Δημιουργήθηκε	1215, πριν 808 έτη
Τοποθεσία	Βρετανική Βιβλιοθήκη
Συντάκτης	Ιωάννης της Αγγλίας; His barons; Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury;
Σκοπός	Συνθήκη ειρήνης

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Έκδοση από την 12:52, 30 Αυγούστου 2021

Η Μάγκνα Κάρτα (λατινικά: Magna Charta; ("Great Charter") , απόδοση: Μεγάλη Χάρτα), αποκαλούμενη και ως Μάγκνα Κάρτα Λιμπερτάτουμ (λατινικά: Magna Carta Libertatum, απόδοση: Μεγάλος Χάρτης των Ελευθεριών), είναι αγγλικός καταστατικός χάρτης, ο οποίος αρχικά εκδόθηκε το 1215^[1]. Η Μάγκνα Κάρτα θεωρείται ένα από τα πιο σημαντικά έγγραφα στην ιστορία της δημοκρατίας και του κράτους δικαίου.

Αρχικά γράφτηκε λόγω διαφωνιών μεταξύ του Πάπα Ιννοκεντίου του Γ', του Βασιλιά Ιωάννη της Αγγλίας και των Άγγλων βαρώνων σχετικά με τα δικαιώματα του βασιλιά. Η Μάγκνα Κάρτα ζητούσε από τον Βασιλιά να αποκηρύξει κάποια δικαιώματά του, να σεβαστεί τις νομικές διαδικασίες και να αποδεχτεί ότι θα δεσμεύεται από τους νόμους και προστάτευε τα δικαιώματα των υπηκόων του Βασιλιά, ιδιαίτερα από την παράνομη φυλάκιση.

Ρήτρες της "Μάγκνα Κάρτα" στα καταστατικά του 1215 και αργότερα

Μόνο τρεις ρήτρες της "Μάγκνα Κάρτα" παραμένουν σε ισχύ στην έννομη τάξη της Αγγλίας και της Ουαλίας. Αυτές αναφέρονται στην ελευθερία της Εκκλησίας της Αγγλίας, τις «παλιές ελευθερίες» του Σίτι του Λονδίνου (ρήτρα 13 στο χάρτη του 1215, ρήτρα 9 στο γράμμα του 1297) και το δικαίωμα στη νομική διαδικασία (ρήτρες 39 και 40 στο γράμμα του 1215, ρήτρα 29 στο γράμμα του 1297)^[2] . Αναλυτικά:

1	I. FIRST, We have granted to God, and by this our present Charter have confirmed, for Us and our Heirs for ever, that the Church of England shall be free, and shall have all her whole Rights and Liberties inviolable. We have granted also, and given to all the Freemen of our Realm, for Us and our Heirs for ever, these Liberties under-written, to have and to hold to them and their Heirs, of Us and our Heirs for ever.	Πρώτον, δώσαμε υπόσχεση στον Θεό, μέσα από αυτόν τον χάρτη και επιβεβαιώσαμε, για εμάς και για τους κληρονόμους μας για πάντα, ότι η Εκκλησία της Αγγλίας θα είναι ελεύθερη και θα έχει απαραβίαστα τα δικαιώματα και ελευθερίες. Διαβεβαιώσαμε επίσης και δώσαμε προς τους ελεύθερους του βασιλείου μας, για εμάς και τους κληρονόμους μας για πάντα, αυτές τις εγγυημένες ελευθερίες, για να διατηρήσουμε και να διατηρήσουμε αυτές και τους κληρονόμους τους, από εμάς και τους κληρονόμους μας για πάντα.
9	THE City of London shall have all the old Liberties and Customs which it hath been used to have. Moreover We will and grant, that all other Cities, Boroughs, Towns, and the Barons of the Five Ports, as with all other Ports, shall have all their Liberties and free Customs.	Η πόλη του Λονδίνου θα διατηρήσει όλες τις παλιές ελευθερίες και έθιμα που είχε συνηθίσει. Επιπλέον, θέλουμε και αποδεχόμαστε, ότι όλες οι άλλες πόλεις, δήμοι, πόλεις και οι βαρόνοι των πέντε λιμανιών, όπως και με όλα τα άλλα λιμάνια, θα έχουν όλες τις ελευθερίες και τα δωρεάν τελωνεία τους.
29	NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned, or be disseised of his Freehold, or Liberties, or free Customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or any other wise destroyed; nor will We not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right.	ΚΑΝΕΝΑΣ ελεύθερος άνθρωπος δεν πρέπει να συλληφθεί ή να φυλακιστεί, ή να αναλυθεί για την Ελευθερία του, τις Ελευθερίες του, ή τα ελεύθερα Τελωνεία, ή να τεθεί εκτός νόμου, ή να εξοριστεί ή να καταστραφεί οποιοδήποτε άλλο. ούτε θα τον περάσουμε ούτε θα τον καταδικάσουμε, αλλά με νόμιμη κρίση των συνομηλίκων του, ή με το Νόμο της χώρας. Δεν θα πουλήσουμε σε κανέναν, ούτε θα αρνηθούμε ή θα αναβάλουμε τη δικαιοσύνη ή τα δικαιώματα σε κανέναν άνθρωπο.

Βιβλιογραφία

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Barnes, Thomas Garden (2008). Shaping the Common Law: From Glanvill to Hale, 1188–1688. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804779593.
Black, Charles (1999). A New Birth of Freedom: Human Rights, Named and Unnamed. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300077346.
Breay, Claire (2010). Magna Carta: Manuscripts and Myths. London: The British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-5833-0.
Breay, Claire· Harrison, Julian, επιμ. (2015). Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy. London: The British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-5764-7.
Browning, Charles Henry (1898). «The Magna Charta Described». The Magna Charta Barons and Their American Descendants with the Pedigrees of the Founders of the Order of Runnemede Deduced from the Sureties for the Enforcement of the Statutes of the Magna Charta of King John. Philadelphia. OCLC 9378577.
Burdett, Francis (1810). Sir Francis Burdett to His Constituents. R. Bradshaw.
Carpenter, David A. (1990). The Minority of Henry III. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0413623607.
Carpenter, David (1996). The Reign of Henry III. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1852851378.
Carpenter, David A. (2004). Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.
Clanchy, Michael T. (1997). Early Medieval England. The Folio Society.
Clark, David (2000). «The Icon of Liberty: The Status and Role of Magna Carta in Australian and New Zealand Law». Melbourne University Law Review 24 (3). http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2000/34.html.
Cobbett, William· Howell, Thomas Bayly· Howell, Th.J.· Jardine, William (1810). Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Bagshaw.
Crouch, David (1996). William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147–1219. Longman. ISBN 978-0582037861.
Danziger, Danny· Gillingham, John (2004). 1215: The Year of Magna Carta. Hodder Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0340824757.
Davis, G.R.C. (1963). Magna Carta. The British Library Publishing Division. ISBN 978-0712300148.
Davis, John Paul (2013). The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 978-0-7206-1480-0.
Drew, Katherine F. (2004). Magna Carta. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313325908.
Edwards, J.G. (1943). «Confirmatio Cartarum and Baronial Grievances in 1297». The English Historical Review 58 (231): 273–300. doi:10.1093/ehr/lviii.ccxxxi.273.
Eele, Caroline (2013). Perceptions of Magna Carta: Why has it been seen as significant? (PDF) (Διδακτορική διατριβή). 2014 Magna Carta 2015 Committee. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Νοεμβρίου 2014.
Fryde, Natalie (2001). Why Magna Carta? Angevin England Revisited. Munster, Germany: LiT. ISBN 978-3825856571.
Fritze, Ronald· Robison, William (2002). Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England 1272–1485. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313291241.
Galef, David (1998). Second Thoughts: Focus on Rereading. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0814326473.
Goodman, Ellen (1995). The Origins of the Western Legal Tradition: From Thales to the Tudors. Federation Press. ISBN 978-1862871816.
Greenberg, Janelle (2006). The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution: St Edward's 'Laws' in Early Modern Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521024884.
Hallam, Elizabeth M.· Everard, Judith A. (2001). Capetian France, 987–1328 (2nd έκδοση). Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40428-1.
Hazeltine, H.D. (1917). «The Influence of Magna Carta on American Constitutional Development». Στο: Malden, Henry Elliot. Magna Carta commemoration essays. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1116447477.
Hewit, H.J. (1929). Mediaeval Cheshire. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Hill, Christopher (2006). Winstanley 'The Law of Freedom' and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521031608.
Hillaby, Caroline (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137308153.
Hindley, Geoffrey (1990). The Book of Magna Carta. London: Constable. ISBN 978-0094682405.
Holt, James C. (1992a). The Northerners: A Study in the Reign of King John. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198203094.
Holt, James C. (1992b). Magna Carta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521277785.
Holt, James C. (2015). Magna Carta (3rd έκδοση). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107093164.
Holt, James C. (2008) [1993]. The Ancient Constitution in Medieval England (PDF). Liberty Fund. ISBN 978-0865977099.
Howard, A.E. Dick (2008). «Magna Carta Comes To America». Fourscore 58 (4).
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Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5.
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Kewes, Paulina (2006). The Uses of History in Early Modern England. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0873282192.
Lewis, Suzanne (1987). The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520049819.
Linebaugh, Peter (2009). The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520260009.
Mayr-Harting, Henry (2011). Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 1066–1272. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-41413-6.
McGlynn, Sean (2013). Blood Cries Afar: The Forgotten Invasion of England, 1216. London: Spellmount. ISBN 978-0752488318.
Menache, Sophia (2003). Clement V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521521987.
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Powicke, F.M. (1929). «The Bull 'Miramur Plurimum' and a Letter to Archbishop Stephen Langton, 5 September 1215». English Historical Review 44: 87–93. doi:10.1093/ehr/xliv.clxxiii.87.
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Παραπομπές

↑ «Magna Carta - Χάρτης των Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου (1215)». Σόλων για τη Σύνθεση και τον Οικολογικό Πολιτισμό στον 21ο αιώνα. 8 Ιουνίου 2010. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 23 Απριλίου 2015. Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Μαΐου 2015.
↑ «(Magna Carta) (1297) (c. 9) - Statute Law Database». web.archive.org. 5 Σεπτεμβρίου 2007. Ανακτήθηκε στις 30 Αυγούστου 2021.

Αυτό το λήμμα σχετικά με ένα ιστορικό θέμα χρειάζεται επέκταση. Μπορείτε να βοηθήσετε την Βικιπαίδεια επεκτείνοντάς το.

[1] «Magna Carta - Χάρτης των Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου (1215)». Σόλων για τη Σύνθεση και τον Οικολογικό Πολιτισμό στον 21ο αιώνα. 8 Ιουνίου 2010. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 23 Απριλίου 2015. Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Μαΐου 2015.

[2] «(Magna Carta) (1297) (c. 9) - Statute Law Database». web.archive.org. 5 Σεπτεμβρίου 2007. Ανακτήθηκε στις 30 Αυγούστου 2021.

[1]

[2]

@@ Γραμμή 36: / Γραμμή 36: @@
 |}
+==Βιβλιογραφία ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite book | last = Aurell | first = Martin | year = 2003 | title = L'Empire de Plantagenêt, 1154–1224 | publisher = Tempus | location= Paris | isbn = 978-2-262-02282-2 |language=fr}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Thomas Garden|title=Shaping the Common Law: From Glanvill to Hale, 1188–1688|date=2008|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804779593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ6MPXP6MwMC&q=Magna+Charter+was+therefore+the+chief+cause+of+Democracy+in+England%2C+and+thus+a+Good+Thing+for+everyone+%28except+the+Common+People%29&pg=PA23}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Black (professor)|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Human Rights, Named and Unnamed|date=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CN|isbn=978-0300077346}}
+* {{cite book |last=Breay |first=Claire |author-link=Claire Breay |year=2010 |title=Magna Carta: Manuscripts and Myths |publisher=The British Library |location=London |isbn=978-0-7123-5833-0 }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Breay |editor1-first=Claire |editor1-link=Claire Breay |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=Julian |title=Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy |publisher=The British Library |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7123-5764-7 }}
+* {{Cite book| first=Charles Henry|last=Browning|year=1898|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTUfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Magna Charta Barons and Their American Descendants with the Pedigrees of the Founders of the Order of Runnemede Deduced from the Sureties for the Enforcement of the Statutes of the Magna Charta of King John|oclc=9378577|location=Philadelphia|chapter=The Magna Charta Described|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTUfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Burdett|first1=Francis|author-link=Francis Burdett|title=Sir Francis Burdett to His Constituents|date=1810|publisher=R. Bradshaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S90zAQAAMAAJ&q=Francis+Burdett+Magna+Carta+repeal&pg=PA41}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Carpenter|first1=David A.|author-link=David Carpenter (historian)|title=The Minority of Henry III|date=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=978-0413623607}}
+* {{cite book | last = Carpenter | first = David | year = 1996 | title = The Reign of Henry III | publisher = Hambledon Press | location= London | isbn = 978-1852851378}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Carpenter|first1=David A.|author-link=David Carpenter (historian)|title=Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284|date=2004|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-014824-4}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Clanchy|first1=Michael T.|author-link=Michael Clanchy|title=Early Medieval England|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=David|title=The Icon of Liberty: The Status and Role of Magna Carta in Australian and New Zealand Law|journal=Melbourne University Law Review|date=2000|volume=24|issue=3|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2000/34.html}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Cobbett|first1=William|last2=Howell|first2=Thomas Bayly|last3=Howell|first3=Th.J.|last4=Jardine|first4=William|title=Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Present Time|date=1810|publisher=Bagshaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbVCAAAAcAAJ&q=cathedral+churches+throughout+our+realm%2C+there+to+remain%2C+and+shall+be+read&pg=PT501}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Crouch|first1=David|title=William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147–1219|date=1996|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0582037861}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Danziger|first1=Danny|last2=Gillingham|first2=John|title=1215: The Year of Magna Carta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av1pjnpVRNAC&q=Cromwell+Magna+Carta&pg=PA271|date=2004|publisher=Hodder Paperbacks|isbn=978-0340824757}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=G.R.C.|title=Magna Carta|date=1963|publisher=The British Library Publishing Division|isbn=978-0712300148}}
+* {{cite book | last = Davis | first = John Paul | year = 2013 | title = The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III | publisher = Peter Owen | location= London | isbn = 978-0-7206-1480-0 }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Drew|first1=Katherine F.|title=Magna Carta|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313325908}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=J.G.|title=Confirmatio Cartarum and Baronial Grievances in 1297|journal=The English Historical Review|date=1943|volume=58|issue=231|pages=273–300|jstor=554340|doi=10.1093/ehr/lviii.ccxxxi.273}}
+* {{Cite thesis |last=Eele |first=Caroline |title=Perceptions of Magna Carta: Why has it been seen as significant? |url=http://magnacarta800th.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Perceptions-of-Magna-Carta-C-Eele-Dissertation.pdf |year=2013 |publisher=2014 Magna Carta 2015 Committee |access-date=18 November 2014 }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Fryde|first1=Natalie|author-link=Natalie Fryde|title=Why Magna Carta? Angevin England Revisited|date=2001|publisher=LiT|location=Munster, Germany|isbn=978-3825856571}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Fritze|first1=Ronald|last2=Robison|first2=William|title=Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England 1272–1485|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313291241}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Galef|first1=David|author-link=David Galef|title=Second Thoughts: Focus on Rereading|date=1998|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit, MI|isbn=978-0814326473}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=Ellen|title=The Origins of the Western Legal Tradition: From Thales to the Tudors|date=1995|publisher=Federation Press|isbn=978-1862871816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bB_0M9oviBQC&pg=PA260}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Greenberg|first1=Janelle|title=The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution: St Edward's 'Laws' in Early Modern Political Thought|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521024884}}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Hallam | first1 = Elizabeth M. | last2 = Everard | first2 = Judith A. | edition = 2nd | year = 2001 | title = Capetian France, 987–1328 | publisher = Longman | location= Harlow, UK | isbn = 978-0-582-40428-1 }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hazeltine|first1=H.D.|chapter=The Influence of Magna Carta on American Constitutional Development|editor-last=Malden|editor-first=Henry Elliot|title=Magna Carta commemoration essays |date=1917|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1116447477}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hewit|first1=H.J.|title=Mediaeval Cheshire|date=1929|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester, UK}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hill|first1=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hill (historian)|title=Winstanley 'The Law of Freedom' and Other Writings|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521031608|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cnrjlrzUE4C&q=An+appeal+to+the+house+of+commons+Winstanley&pg=PA109}}
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+* {{cite book|last1=Hindley|first1=Geoffrey|title=The Book of Magna Carta|date=1990|publisher=Constable|location=London|isbn=978-0094682405}}
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+* {{cite book|last1=Linebaugh|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Linebaugh|title=The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kx7KiTEZCsC&q=An+appeal+to+the+house+of+commons+Winstanley&pg=PA85|isbn=978-0520260009}}
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+* {{cite book|last1=Poole|first1=Austin Lane|author-link=Austin Lane Poole|title=From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087–1216|date=1993|edition=2nd|orig-year=1951|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= Oxford}}
+* {{cite journal |first=F.M. |last=Powicke |author-link=F. M. Powicke |title=The Bull 'Miramur Plurimum' and a Letter to Archbishop Stephen Langton, 5 September 1215 |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=44 |year=1929 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.1093/ehr/xliv.clxxiii.87}}
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+* {{cite book|last1=Simmons|first1=Clare A.|chapter=Absent Presence: The Romantic-Era Magna Charta and the English Constitution|editor1-last=Shippey|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Utz|editor2-first=Tom |title=Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman|publisher=Brepols Publishers|date=1998}}
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+* {{cite journal |first=Tim |last=Tatton-Brown |title=Magna Carta at 800: Uncovering its Landscape Archaeology |journal=Current Archaeology |issue=304 |date=July 2015 |pages=34–37}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Faith|title=Magna Carta – Its Role In The Making Of The English Constitution 1300–1629|date=1948|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-1299948686}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Ralph V.|title=The Meaning of Magna Carta since 1215|journal=History Today|date=2003a|volume=53|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/ralph-v-turner/meaning-magna-carta-1215}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Ralph|title=Magna Carta: Through the Ages|date=2003b|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0582438262}}
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+* {{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Nicholas|title=Magna Carta: A Very Short Introduction|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-958287-7}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=Nicholas|editor-last1=Vincent|editor-first1=Nicholas|title=Magna Carta: The Foundation of Freedom, 1215–2015|chapter=From World War to World Heritage: Magna Carta in the Twentieth Century|pages=154–69|date=2015|publisher=Third Millennium Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1908990488}}
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+* {{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Albert Beebe|title=Note on the Name Magna Carta|journal=The English Historical Review|date=1917|volume=XXXII|issue=CXXVIII|pages=545–55|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXXII.CXXVIII.554}}
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+{{refend}}
 == Παραπομπές ==