Αποδάσωση: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων
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[[Αρχείο:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|μικρογραφία|[[Satellite image]] of deforestation in progress in eastern [[Bolivia]]. Worldwide, 10% of [[Wilderness area|wilderness areas]] were lost between 1990 and 2015.<ref>[http://www.rts.ch/info/sciences-tech/8003034-un-dizieme-des-terres-sauvages-ont-disparu-en-deux-decennies.html "Un dizième des terres sauvages ont disparu en deux décennies"] ([[Radio Télévision Suisse]]) citing {{cite journal|title=Catastrophic Declines in Wilderness Areas Undermine Global Environment Targets|last1=Watson|first1=James E.M.|last2=Shanahan|first2=Danielle F.|journal=Current Biology|issue=21<!--|pages=2929–2934-->|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.049|year=2016|volume=26|pages=2929–2934|pmid=27618267|last3=Di Marco|first3=Moreno|last4=Allan|first4=James|last5=Laurance|first5=William F.|last6=Sanderson|first6=Eric W.|last7=MacKey|first7=Brendan|last8=Venter|first8=Oscar}}</ref>]] |
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Η '''αποδάσωση''' ή '''αποψίλωση''' είναι η αφαίρεση ενός [[Δάσος|δάσους]] ή ενός δέντρου όπου τα εδάφη χρησιμοποιούνται στη συνέχεια για μη δασικές χρήσεις.<ref>[http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/deforestation SAFnet Dictionary|Definition For [deforestation]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725234528/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/deforestation|date=25 July 2011}}. Dictionary of forestry.org (29 July 2008). Retrieved 2011-05-15.</ref> Παραδείγματα αποδάσωσης περιλαμβάνουν τη μετατροπή δασικής γης σε αγροκτήματα, στάβλους ή για αστική χρήση. Η πιο πυκνή αποψίλωση των δασών παρατηρείται στα τροπικά δάση.<ref>Bradford, Alina. (4 March 2015) [http://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects]. Livescience.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.</ref> Περίπου το 31% της χερσαίας επιφάνειας της γης καλύπτεται από δάση.<ref>[http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation Deforestation | Threats | WWF]. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</ref> |
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Deforestation occurs for multiple reasons: trees are cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of [[charcoal]] or [[timber]]), while cleared land is used as [[pasture]] for [[livestock]] and [[plantation]]. The removal of trees without sufficient [[reforestation]] has resulted in [[Habitat destruction|habitat damage]], [[biodiversity loss]], and [[Arid|aridity]]. It has adverse impacts on [[biosequestration]] of atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]]. Deforestation has also been used in [[war]] to [[Sabotage|deprive]] the enemy of vital resources and cover for its forces. Modern examples of this were the use of [[Agent Orange]] by the British military in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]] during the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the United States military in Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. As of 2005, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase in countries with a per capita [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of at least [[US$]]4,600.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity|last1=Kauppi|first1=P. E.|last2=Ausubel|first2=J. H.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|issue=46|doi=10.1073/pnas.0608343103|year=2006|volume=103|pages=17574–9|bibcode=2006PNAS..10317574K|pmc=1635979|pmid=17101996|last3=Fang|first3=J.|last4=Mather|first4=A. S.|last5=Sedjo|first5=R. A.|last6=Waggoner|first6=P. E.}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/science/earth/21tier.html?_r=2 "Use Energy, Get Rich and Save the Planet"], ''The New York Times'', 20 April 2009.</ref> Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse [[soil erosion]] and frequently degrade into wasteland. |
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Αποδάσωση |
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Τα δάση είναι σημαντικά στην αντιμετώπιση της κλιματικής αλλαγής καθώς λειτουργούν ως «φρεάτια άνθρακα», που σημαίνει ότι απορροφούν διοξείδιο του άνθρακα που ειδάλλως θα κατέληγε στην ατμόσφαιρα. Εκτιμάται ότι το 15% των παγκόσμιων εκπομπών ρύπων προέρχονται από την αποδάσωση. Η αποψίλωση των δασών απειλεί επίσης τα ζώα και τους ανθρώπους που βασίζονται σε αυτά για την επιβίωσή τους. Ιδιαίτερα πολύτιμα είναι τα τροπικά δάση όπου ενδημεί το 80% των παγκόσμιων ειδών. Παρόλα αυτά, το 17% του δάσους του Αμαζονίου έχει αποψιλωθεί για τη δημιουργία βοσκότοπων. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση όχι μόνο δεν απορροφάται διοξείδιο του άνθρακα λόγω της υλοτόμησης, αλλά εκμπέμπονται τεράστιες ποσότητες μεθανίου από την εκτροφή βοοειδών.🏕 |
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Disregard of ascribed value, lax forest management, and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation–both naturally occurring and [[Human impact on the environment|human-induced]]–is an ongoing issue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=21st Century Homestead: Sustainable Agriculture III: Agricultural Practices|first=Marlon|last=Henkel|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781312939752|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2HxCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=Disregard+of+ascribed+value,+lax+forest+management+and+deficient+environmental+laws+are+some+of+the+factors+that+allow+deforestation&source=bl&ots=2IBwrL9CUj&sig=G8p1pJHhqEVcINU9cfIJ8J5zNrg&hl=fr&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Disregard%20of%20ascribed%20value,%20lax%20forest%20management%20and%20deficient%20environmental%20laws%20are%20some%20of%20the%20factors%20that%20allow%20deforestation&f=false|language=en}}</ref> Deforestation causes [[extinction]], changes to climatic conditions, [[desertification]], and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the [[fossil]] record.<ref name="Benton">{{cite journal|title=Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica|author=Sahney, S.|author2=Benton, M.J.|journal=Geology|issue=12|doi=10.1130/G31182.1|year=2010|volume=38|pages=1079–1082|bibcode=2010Geo....38.1079S|author3=Falcon-Lang, H.J.|last-author-amp=yes}}</ref> More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in [[Tropical forest|tropical forests]].<ref name="Rainforest Facts">[http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/rainforests/rainforests-facts.xml Rainforest Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022034531/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/rainforests/rainforests-facts.xml#|date=22 October 2015}}. Nature.org (1 November 2016). Retrieved 2016-11-13.</ref> |
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Between 2000 and 2012, [[Orders of magnitude (area)#108 to 1014 sqm|{{convert|2.3|e6km2|mi2|abbr=}}]] of forests around the world were cut down.<ref name="nature1">[http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/rainforests/rainforests-facts.xml "Facts About Rainforests"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022034531/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/rainforests/rainforests-facts.xml#|date=22 October 2015}}. [[The Nature Conservancy]]. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</ref> As a result of deforestation, only {{convert|6.2|e6km2|e6mi2|abbr=off}} remain of the original {{convert|16|e6km2|e6mi2|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} of forest that formerly covered the Earth.<ref name="nature1" /> An area the size of a [[football pitch]] is cleared from the [[Amazon rainforest]] every minute, with {{convert|136|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=off}} of rainforest cleared for animal agriculture overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_destruction.html|title=Amazon Destruction|website=Mongabay|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> |
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== Παραπομπές == |
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Έκδοση από την 14:16, 8 Δεκεμβρίου 2018
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Αυτό το λήμμα υπόκειται σε έντονη επεξεργασία αυτή τη στιγμή και για υπό μετάφραση. |
Η αποδάσωση ή αποψίλωση είναι η αφαίρεση ενός δάσους ή ενός δέντρου όπου τα εδάφη χρησιμοποιούνται στη συνέχεια για μη δασικές χρήσεις.[2] Παραδείγματα αποδάσωσης περιλαμβάνουν τη μετατροπή δασικής γης σε αγροκτήματα, στάβλους ή για αστική χρήση. Η πιο πυκνή αποψίλωση των δασών παρατηρείται στα τροπικά δάση.[3] Περίπου το 31% της χερσαίας επιφάνειας της γης καλύπτεται από δάση.[4]
Deforestation occurs for multiple reasons: trees are cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal or timber), while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock and plantation. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in habitat damage, biodiversity loss, and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of vital resources and cover for its forces. Modern examples of this were the use of Agent Orange by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and the United States military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As of 2005, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase in countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600.[5][6] Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.
Disregard of ascribed value, lax forest management, and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation–both naturally occurring and human-induced–is an ongoing issue.[7] Deforestation causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.[8] More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in tropical forests.[9]
Between 2000 and 2012, 2,3 million square kilometres (890,000 sq mi) of forests around the world were cut down.[10] As a result of deforestation, only 6,2 million square kilometres (2,4 million square miles) remain of the original 16 million square kilometres (6 million square miles) of forest that formerly covered the Earth.[10] An area the size of a football pitch is cleared from the Amazon rainforest every minute, with 136 million acres (55 million hectares) of rainforest cleared for animal agriculture overall.[11]
Παραπομπές
- ↑ "Un dizième des terres sauvages ont disparu en deux décennies" (Radio Télévision Suisse) citing Watson, James E.M.; Shanahan, Danielle F.; Di Marco, Moreno; Allan, James; Laurance, William F.; Sanderson, Eric W.; MacKey, Brendan; Venter, Oscar (2016). «Catastrophic Declines in Wilderness Areas Undermine Global Environment Targets». Current Biology 26 (21): 2929–2934. doi:. PMID 27618267.
- ↑ SAFnet Dictionary|Definition For [deforestation] Αρχειοθετήθηκε 25 July 2011 στο Wayback Machine.. Dictionary of forestry.org (29 July 2008). Retrieved 2011-05-15.
- ↑ Bradford, Alina. (4 March 2015) Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects. Livescience.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ↑ Deforestation | Threats | WWF. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- ↑ Kauppi, P. E.; Ausubel, J. H.; Fang, J.; Mather, A. S.; Sedjo, R. A.; Waggoner, P. E. (2006). «Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (46): 17574–9. doi:. PMID 17101996. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10317574K.
- ↑ "Use Energy, Get Rich and Save the Planet", The New York Times, 20 April 2009.
- ↑ Henkel, Marlon. 21st Century Homestead: Sustainable Agriculture III: Agricultural Practices (στα Αγγλικά). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781312939752.
- ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). «Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica». Geology 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:. Bibcode: 2010Geo....38.1079S.
- ↑ Rainforest Facts Αρχειοθετήθηκε 22 October 2015 στο Wayback Machine.. Nature.org (1 November 2016). Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 "Facts About Rainforests" Αρχειοθετήθηκε 22 October 2015 στο Wayback Machine.. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ↑ «Amazon Destruction». Mongabay. Ανακτήθηκε στις 13 Δεκεμβρίου 2017.