Ενέργεια μηδενικού σημείου: Διαφορά μεταξύ των αναθεωρήσεων

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Η '''ενέργεια του κενού''' ή '''ενέργεια του μηδενικού σημείου''' ''(Zero Point Energy)'' είναι η ελάχιστη [[ενέργεια]] την οποία είναι δυνατό να κατέχει ένα σύστημα σε κβαντικό επίπεδο και συμβαίνει στο [[απόλυτο μηδέν]]. Στην [[κοσμολογία]], η ενέργεια του κενού θεωρείται ότι είναι η πηγή της [[κοσμολογική σταθερά|κοσμολογικής σταθεράς]].
Η '''ενέργεια του κενού''' ή '''ενέργεια του μηδενικού σημείου''' ''(Zero-Point Energy)'' είναι η ελάχιστη [[ενέργεια]] την οποία είναι δυνατό να κατέχει ένα σύστημα σε κβαντικό επίπεδο, και συμβαίνει στο [[απόλυτο μηδέν]]. Στην [[κοσμολογία]], η ενέργεια του κενού θεωρείται ότι είναι η πηγή της [[κοσμολογική σταθερά|κοσμολογικής σταθεράς]].


Πειραματική απόδειξη της ύπαρξης της ενέργειας του κενού, αποτελεί το περίφημο [[Φαινόμενο Κάζιμιρ|φαινόμενο Casimir]].
Πειραματική απόδειξη της ύπαρξης της ενέργειας του κενού, αποτελεί το περίφημο [[Φαινόμενο Κάζιμιρ|φαινόμενο Casimir]].


== Άρθρα σε έντυπα μέσα ==
== Αναφορές ==
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| author = Albert Einstein |author2=L. Hopf
{{Refend}}
| title = Statistical investigation of a resonator’ s motion in a radiation field

| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annalen-der-physik_1910_33_16/page/1105
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* {{cite book|last=Kragh|first=H.|title=Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0-691-09552-3|oclc=248763258}}
| pages = 393-414
* {{cite journal|last1=Kragh|first1=H.|title=Preludes to Dark Energy: Zero-Point Energy and Vacuum Speculations|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|volume=66|issue=3|year=2012|pages=199–240|issn=0003-9519|doi=10.1007/s00407-011-0092-3|arxiv=1111.4623|s2cid=118593162}}
| year = 2001
* {{cite book|last1=Kragh|first1=H. S.|last2=Overduin|first2=J. M.|title=The Weight of the Vacuum : A Scientific History of Dark Energy|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-55089-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sroqBAAAQBAJ|lccn=2014938218|oclc=884863929}}
| url = http://www.calphysics.org/articles/annalen.pdf
* {{cite book|last1=Kuhn|first1=T.|author-link1=Thomas Kuhn|title=Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912|date=1978|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-502383-1|lccn=77019022|oclc=803538583|title-link=Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912}}
}}
* {{cite book|last1=Le Bellac|first1=M.|date=2006|title=Quantum Physics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60276-2|edition=2012|oclc= 957316740}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite journal|last1=Leuchs|first1=G.|last2=Sánchez-Soto|first2=L. L.|title=A Sum Rule For Charged Elementary Particles|journal=The European Physical Journal D|volume=67|issue=3|pages=57|year=2013|issn=1434-6060|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2013-30577-8|bibcode=2013EPJD...67...57L|arxiv=1301.3923|s2cid=118643015}}
| last = Loudon | first = R.
* {{cite book|last1=Loudon|first1=R.|author-link1=Rodney Loudon|title=The Quantum Theory of Light|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198501770|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEkfajgqldoC|lccn=2001265846|oclc=44602993}}
| title = The Quantum Theory of Light
* {{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=R.|title=Inertia: Does Empty Space Put Up the Resistance?|journal=Science|volume=263|issue=5147|year=1994|pages=612–613|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.263.5147.612|pmid=17747645|bibcode=1994Sci...263..612M|jstor=2883066|url=http://www.calphysics.org/haisch/science.html|via=Calphysics Institute}}
| location = Oxford
* {{cite journal|last1=Mignani|first1=R. P.|last2=Testa|first2=V.|last3=González Caniulef|first3=D.|last4=Taverna|first4=R.|last5=Turolla|first5=R.|last6=Zane|first6=S.|last7=Wu|first7=K.|title=Evidence for vacuum birefringence from the first optical-polarimetry measurement of the isolated neutron star RX&nbsp;J1856.5−3754|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=465|issue=1|year=2017|pages=492–500|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/stw2798|url=https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1641/eso1641a.pdf|bibcode=2017MNRAS.465..492M|arxiv=1610.08323|s2cid=38736536|ref={{harvid| Mignani et al.|2017}}}}
| publisher = Clarendon Press
* {{cite journal|last1=Milonni|first1=P. W.|author-link1=Peter W. Milonni|title=Radiation reaction and the nonrelativistic theory of the electron|journal=Physics Letters A|date=1981|volume=82|issue=5|pages=225–226|doi=10.1016/0375-9601(81)90191-2|bibcode=1981PhLA...82..225M}}
| date = Σεπτέμβριος 2000
* {{cite journal|last1=Milonni|first1=P. W.|author-link1=Peter W. Milonni|title=Does the Electromagnetic Mass of an Electron Depend on Where It Is?|journal=International Journal of Theoretical Physics|date=1983|volume=22|issue=4|pages=323–328|doi=10.1007/BF02082897|bibcode=1983IJTP...22..323M|s2cid=119991060}}
| edition = 3η
* {{cite book|last1=Milonni|first1=P. W.|author-link1=Peter W. Milonni|title=The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics|date=1994|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston|isbn=978-0124980808|lccn=93029780|oclc=422797902|title-link=The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics}}
| ISBN = 0-19-850176-5
* {{cite book|last1=Milonni|first1=P. W.|author-link1=Peter W. Milonni|editor1-last=Greenberger|editor1-first=D.|editor2-last=Hentschel|editor2-first=K.|editor3-last=Weinert|editor3-first=F.|title=Compendium of Quantum Physics: Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=9783540706229|pages=864–866|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekyAV8VtfuYC&pg=PP864|chapter=Zero-Point Energy|lccn=2008942038|oclc=297803628|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7|arxiv=0811.2516}}
}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Peebles|first1=P. J. E.|author-link1=Jim Peebles|last2=Ratra|first2=Bharat|author-link2=Bharat Ratra|title=The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=75|issue=2|year=2003|pages=559–606|issn=0034-6861|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559|bibcode=2003RvMP...75..559P|arxiv=astro-ph/0207347|s2cid=118961123}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book|last1=Penrose|first1=Roger|title=The Road to Reality|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtorealitycom00penr_0|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|edition=8th|isbn=978-0-679-45443-4|oclc=474890537}}
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* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Perlmutter et al.|1998}}|display-authors=9|last1=Perlmutter|first1=S.|author-link=Saul Perlmutter|last2=Aldering|last3=Goldhaber|last4=Knop|last5=Nugent|last6=Castro|last7=Deustua|last8=Fabbro|last9=Goobar|last10=Groom|last11=Hook|last12=Kim|last13=Kim|last14=Lee|last15=Nunes|last16=Pain|last17=Pennypacker|last18=Quimby|last19=Lidman|last20=Ellis|last21=Irwin|last22=McMahon|last23=Ruiz Lapuente|last24=Walton|last25=Schaefer|last26=Boyle|last27=Filippenko|last28=Matheson|last29=Fruchter|last30=Panagia<!--|last31=Newberg|last32=Couch-->|year=1999|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=517|issue=2|pages=565–86|title=Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae|arxiv=astro-ph/9812133 |doi=10.1086/307221|bibcode=1999ApJ...517..565P|s2cid=118910636}}
| title = The Quantum Vacuum: an Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics
* {{cite book|last1=Peskin|first1=M. E.|last2=Schroeder|first2=D. V.|date=1995|title=An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoqu0000pesk|url-access=registration|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-201-50397-5|oclc=635667163}}
| location = New York
* {{cite journal|last1=Pinto|first1=F.|title=Engine cycle of an optically controlled vacuum energy transducer|journal=Physical Review B|date=1999|volume=60|issue=21|page=14740|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.60.14740|bibcode= 1999PhRvB..6014740P}}
| publisher =Academic
* {{cite journal|last1=Planck|first=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|year=1900|title=Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum|journal=Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft|volume=2|pages=237–245}}
| year = 1994
* {{cite journal|last1=Planck|first1=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|title=Eine neue Strahlungshypothese|journal=Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft|date=1911|volume=13|pages=138–148}}
| ISBN = 0-12-498080-5
* {{cite journal|last1=Planck|first1=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|title=Über die Begründung das Gesetzes des schwarzen Strahlung|journal=Annalen der Physik|date=1912a|volume=37|issue=4|pages=642–656|doi=10.1002/andp.19123420403|bibcode=1912AnP...342..642P|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1424227}}
}}
* {{cite book|last1=Planck|first1=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|editor1-last=Langevin|editor1-first=P.|editor2-last=Solvay|editor2-first=E.|editor3-last=de Broglie|editor3-first=M.|editor1-link=Paul Langevin|editor2-link=Ernest Solvay|editor3-link=Maurice de Broglie|title=La Théorie du Rayonnement et les Quanta|url=https://archive.org/details/lathoriedurayo00inst|date=1912b|publisher=Gauthier-Villars|location=Paris|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lathoriedurayo00inst/page/93 93]–114|chapter=La loi du rayonnement noir et l'hypothèse des quantités élémentaires d'action|lccn=unk84021539|oclc=5894537227}}
*{{cite journal
* {{cite book|last1=Planck|first1=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|title=Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_k21KAAAAMAAJ|date=1913|publisher=J. A. Barth|location=Leipzig|oclc=924400975}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Planck|first1=M.|author-link1=Max Planck|title=Physikalische Abhandlungen und Vorträge. Vol. 2|date=1958|publisher=Vieweg & Sohn|location=Braunschweig|lccn=59047616|oclc=603096370}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Power|first1=E. A.|author-link1=Edwin Power|title=Introductory Quantum Electrodynamics|date=1964|publisher=Longmans|location=London|lccn=65020006|oclc=490279969}}
| journal = Verh. Deutsch Phys. Ges.
* {{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=D.|editor1-last=Barrett|editor1-first=Terence William|editor2-last=Grimes|editor2-first=Dale M.|chapter=Foundational Electrodynamics and Beltrami Vector Fields|pages=217–249|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdnsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|title=Advanced Electromagnetism: Foundations, Theory and Applications|date=1995|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-02-2095-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdnsCgAAQBAJ}}
| volume = 18
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Rees|editor1-first=Martin|editor1-link=Martin Rees|title=Universe|date=2012|publisher=DK Pub|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvDZqZz0Q-QC|lccn=2011277855|oclc=851193468}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Riek|first1=C.|last2=Seletskiy|first2=D. V.|last3=Moskalenko|first3=A. S.|last4=Schmidt|first4=J. F.|last5=Krauspe|first5=P.|last6=Eckart|first6=S.|last7=Eggert|first7=S.|last8=Burkard|first8=G.|last9=Leitenstorfer|first9=A.|title=Direct Sampling of Electric-Field Vacuum Fluctuations|journal=Science|volume=350|issue=6259|year=2015|pages=420–423|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aac9788|pmid=26429882|bibcode=2015Sci...350..420R|s2cid=40368170|url=http://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/31877/Leitensdorfer_0-301750.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|ref={{harvid|Riek et al.|2015}}}}
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* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Riess et al.|1998}}|display-authors=9|last1=Riess|first1=A. G.|author-link=Adam Riess|last2=Filippenko|last3=Challis|last4=Clocchiatti|last5=Diercks|last6=Garnavich|last7=Gilliland|last8=Hogan|last9=Jha|last10=Kirshner|last11=Leibundgut|last12=Phillips|last13=Reiss|last14=Schmidt|last15=Schommer|last16=Smith|last17=Spyromilio|last18=Stubbs|last19=Suntzeff|last20=Tonry|year=1998|title=Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant|journal=Astronomical Journal|volume=116|issue=3|pages=1009–38|arxiv=astro-ph/9805201|doi=10.1086/300499|bibcode=1998AJ....116.1009R|s2cid=15640044}}
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* {{cite journal
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Simon|editor1-link=Simon Saunders|editor2-last=Brown|editor2-first=Harvey R.|editor2-link=Harvey Brown (philosopher)|title=The Philosophy of Vacuum|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198244493|lccn=90048906|oclc=774073198}}
| title = Gravity and the Quantum Vacuum Inertia Hypothesis
* {{cite book|last1=Schwinger|first1=J.|author-link1=Julian Schwinger|title=Particles, Sources, and Fields: Volume I|date=1998a|publisher=Advanced Book Program, Perseus Books|location=Reading, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-7382-0053-8|lccn=98087896|oclc=40544377}}
| journal = Annalen der Physik
* {{cite book|last1=Schwinger|first1=J.|author-link1=Julian Schwinger|title=Particles, Sources, and Fields: Volume II|date=1998b|publisher=Advanced Book Program, Perseus Books|location=Reading, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-7382-0054-5|lccn=98087896|oclc=40544377}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Sciama|first1=D. W.|author-link1=Dennis W. Sciama|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Simon|editor1-link=Simon Saunders|editor2-last=Brown|editor2-first=Harvey R.|editor2-link=Harvey Brown (philosopher)|title=The Philosophy of Vacuum|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198244493|chapter=The Physical Significance of the Vacuum State of a Quantum Field|lccn=90048906|oclc=774073198}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Scott|first1=Alwyn|date=2006|title=Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-385-9|oclc=937249213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC7gZmIEAiwC}}
| url = http://www.calphysics.org/articles/gravity_arxiv.pdf
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* {{cite journal|last1=Scully|first1=M. O.|title=Extracting Work from a Single Thermal Bath via Quantum Negentropy|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=2001|volume=87|issue=22|at=220601|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.220601|bibcode= 2001PhRvL..87v0601S|pmid= 11736390}}
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* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Urban et al.|2013}}|last1=Urban|first1=M.|last2=Couchot|first2=F.|last3=Sarazin|first3=X.|last4=Djannati-Atai|first4=A.|title=The Quantum Vacuum as the Origin of the Speed of Light|journal=The European Physical Journal D|volume=67|issue=3|pages=58|year=2013|issn=1434-6060|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2013-30578-7|bibcode=2013EPJD...67...58U|arxiv=1302.6165|s2cid=15753833}}
| title = The Philosophy of Vacuum
* {{cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=S.|author-link1=Steven Weinberg|title=The Cosmological Constant Problem|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=61|issue=1|year=1989|pages=1–23|issn=0034-6861|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.61.1|bibcode=1989RvMP...61....1W|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/61094/1/Weinberg_1989.pdf|hdl=2152/61094|s2cid=122259372}}
| editor = Simon Saunders |editor2=Henry R. Brown
* {{cite book|last1=Weinberg|first1=S.|author-link1=Steven Weinberg|title=Lectures on Quantum Mechanics|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-107-11166-0|edition=2nd|lccn=2015021123|oclc=910664598}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Weisskopf|first1=V.|title=Über die Elektrodynamik des Vakuums auf Grund des Quantentheorie des Elektrons|journal=Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelse|date=1936|volume=24|issue=6|pages=3–39|trans-title=[http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/weisskopf_-_electrodynamics.pdf On the Elecrodynamics of the Vacuum on the Basis of the Quantum Theory of the Electron]}}
| publisher = Clarendon Press
* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|White, March, Lawrence et al.|2016}}|last1=White|first1=H.|last2=March|first2=P.|last3=Lawrence|first3=J.|last4=Vera|first4=J.|last5=Sylvester|first5=A.|last6=Brady|first6=D.|last7=Bailey|first7=P.|date=2016|title=Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum|journal=Journal of Propulsion and Power|volume=33|issue=4|pages=830–841|doi= 10.2514/1.B36120|hdl= 2060/20170000277|s2cid=126303009 }}
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* {{cite conference|ref={{harvid|White, March, Williams et al.|2011}}|last1=White|first1=H.|last2=March|first2=P.|last3=Williams|first3=N.|last4=O'Neill|first4=W.|date=2011-12-05|title=Eagleworks Laboratories: Advanced Propulsion Physics Research|conference=JANNAF Joint Propulsion Meeting; 5–9 December 2011; Huntsville, AL|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110023492.pdf|access-date=24 October 2016}}
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* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Woods et al.|2001}}|last1=Woods|first1=R. C.|last2=Cooke|first2=S. G.|last3=Helme|first3=J.|last4=Caldwell|first4=C. H.|date=2001|title=Gravity modification by high-temperature superconductors|journal=AIAA 37th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit|doi=10.2514/6.2001-3363}}

== Περαιτέρω ανάγνωση ==
=== Άρθρα στον Τύπο ===
* {{cite magazine|last1=Brumfiel|first1=G.|date=3 June 2011|title=Moving Mirrors Make Light From Nothing|magazine=Nature|doi=10.1038/news.2011.346|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110603/full/news.2011.346.html}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Brooks|first1=M.|date=16 November 2011|title=Light Pulled Out of Empty Space|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228392-700-light-pulled-out-of-empty-space/|magazine=New Scientist|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170530092257/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228392-700-light-pulled-out-of-empty-space/|archive-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Cartlidge|first1=E.|date=17 November 2011|title=How to Turn Darkness into Light|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2011/nov/17/how-to-turn-darkness-into-light|magazine=Physics World|publisher=Institute of Physics|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170530091635/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2011/nov/17/how-to-turn-darkness-into-light|archive-date=30 May 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Marcus|first1=A.|date=12 October 2009|title=Research in a Vacuum: DARPA Tries to Tap Elusive Casimir Effect for Breakthrough Technology|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/darpa-casimir-effect-research/|magazine=Scientific American|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150302015744/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/darpa-casimir-effect-research/|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=R.|last2=Sample|first2=I.|date=1 September 1996|title='Anti-Gravity' Device Gives Science a Lift|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1996%2F09%2F01%2Fngrav01.html|work=The Sunday Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030306005212/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1996%2F09%2F01%2Fngrav01.html|archive-date=2003-03-06|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Sciama|first1=D. W.|author-link1=Dennis Sciama|title=The Ether Transmogrified|magazine=New Scientist|date=2 Feb 1978|volume=77|issue=1088|pages=298–300|via=Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RHTCiRgnB0C&pg=PA298}}
* {{cite web|last1=Yirka|first1=B.|date=2 October 2015|title=Research Team Claims to Have Directly Sampled Electric-Field Vacuum Fluctuations|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-10-team-sampled-electric-field-vacuum-fluctuations.html|website=Phys.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170527220138/https://phys.org/news/2015-10-team-sampled-electric-field-vacuum-fluctuations.html|archive-date=27 May 2017|url-status=live}}

=== Άρθρα σε επιστημονικά έντυπα ===
* {{cite journal|last1=Boyer|first1=T. H.|title=Quantum Zero-Point Energy and Long-Range Forces|journal=Annals of Physics|volume=56|issue=2|year=1970|pages=474–503|issn=0003-4916|doi=10.1016/0003-4916(70)90027-8|bibcode=1970AnPhy..56..474B}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bulsara|first1=A. R.|last2=Gammaitoni|first2=L.|title=Tuning in to Noise|journal=Physics Today|volume=49|issue=3|year=1996|pages=39–45|issn=0031-9228|doi=10.1063/1.881491|bibcode=1996PhT....49c..39B|url=http://www.nipslab.org/files/vol49no3p39-45.pdf|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712182115/http://www.nipslab.org/files/vol49no3p39-45.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lahteenmaki|first1=P.|last2=Paraoanu|first2=G. S.|last3=Hassel|first3=J.|last4=Hakonen|first4=P. J.|title=Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Josephson Metamaterial|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=110|issue=11|year=2013|pages=4234–4238|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1212705110|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.4234L|arxiv=1111.5608|s2cid=10972781|doi-access=free}}

=== Βιβλία ===
* {{cite book|last1=Beiser|first1=A.|title=Concepts of Modern Physics|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Boston|isbn=978-0072448481|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34l9CgAAQBAJ|lccn=2001044743|oclc=48965418}}
* {{cite book|last1=Heitler|first1=W.|author-link1=Walter Heitler|title=The Quantum Theory of Radiation|date=1984|publisher=Dover Publications|location=New York|isbn=978-0486645582|edition=1954 reprint 3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7w7UpecbKYC|lccn=83005201|oclc=924845769}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rafelski|first1=J.|author-link1=Johann Rafelski|last2=Muller|first2=B.|title=Structured Vacuum: Thinking About Nothing|date=1985|publisher=Thun|location=H. Deutsch|isbn=978-3871448898|url=http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~rafelski/Books/StructVacuumE.pdf|lccn=86175968|oclc=946050522}}


== Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι ==
== Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι ==
{{commonscat}}
{{commonscat}}
* [http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1256 Zero-point energy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081217/http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1256 |date=2008-12-04 }} "Ask the Van" popular science FAQ at [[University of Illinois]].
* [http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1256 Zero-point energy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081217/http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1256 |date=2008-12-04 }} "Ask the Van" popular science FAQ at University of Illinois.
* Philip Yam, "[http://www.padrak.com/ine/ZPESCIAM.html Exploiting Zero-point Energy]", ''Scientific American Magazine'', December 1997, pp. 82-85.
* Philip Yam, "[http://www.padrak.com/ine/ZPESCIAM.html Exploiting Zero-point Energy]", ''Scientific American Magazine'', December 1997, pp. 82-85.
* Alokik Kanwal, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309163203/http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~alokik/Zero/3D%20Zero-Point%20Energy.PPT Zero-point energy] ([[Microsoft PowerPoint|Power Point]] presentation; rutgers.edu)
* Alokik Kanwal, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309163203/http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~alokik/Zero/3D%20Zero-Point%20Energy.PPT Zero-point energy] ([[Microsoft PowerPoint|Power Point]] presentation; rutgers.edu)

Έκδοση από την 17:26, 8 Ιουλίου 2023

Η ενέργεια του κενού ή ενέργεια του μηδενικού σημείου (Zero-Point Energy) είναι η ελάχιστη ενέργεια την οποία είναι δυνατό να κατέχει ένα σύστημα σε κβαντικό επίπεδο, και συμβαίνει στο απόλυτο μηδέν. Στην κοσμολογία, η ενέργεια του κενού θεωρείται ότι είναι η πηγή της κοσμολογικής σταθεράς.

Πειραματική απόδειξη της ύπαρξης της ενέργειας του κενού, αποτελεί το περίφημο φαινόμενο Casimir.

Άρθρα σε έντυπα μέσα

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Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι