Βοήθεια:IPA/Σουηδική

Η προφορά της Σουηδίας βασίζεται κυρίως στα Κεντρικά Standard Σουηδικά και η Φινλανδική προφορά στην προφορά του Ελσίνκι. Οι ηχογραφήσεις και τα παραδείγματα μεταγραφών σε αυτήν τη βοήθεια είναι στα Σουηδικά Σουηδίας, εκτός εάν αναφέρεται διαφορετικά.

Δείτε την σουηδική φωνολογία και το Script error: No such module "Section link". για μια πιο εμπεριστατωμένη ματιά στους ήχους των Σουηδικών.

Σύμφωνα
		Παραδείγματα	Αγγλική προσέγγιση
SWE	FIN	Παραδείγματα	Αγγλική προσέγγιση
[b]		bok	book
[ɕ]	[tɕ]	kjol, tjock, kön	sheep (SWE) or cheat (FIN)
[d]		dop	dad
[ɖ]	[r][d̪]	nord^[1]	retroflex [/d/]
[f]		fot	foot
[ɡ]		god	good
[h]		hot	hat
[ɧ]	[ʃ]	sju, stjärna, skör, station, pension, geni, choklad^[2]	κάπως σαν το σκωτσέζικο loch ή sheep (διαφέρει ανά περιοχή)
[j]		jord, genom, Göteborg	yoyo
[k]		kon	cone
[l̪]		lov	lack
[ɭ]	[r][l̪]	kärl^[1]	retroflex [/l/]
[m]		mod	mode
[n]		nod	node
[ɳ]	[r][n̪]	barn^[1]	retroflex [/n/]
[ŋ]		lång	long
[p]		pol	pole
[ɾ]		rov^[3]	κάπως σαν αμερικάνικο atom ή σκωτσέζικο rose
[s]		sot	soot
[ʂ]	[r][s̪]	torsdag^[1]	retroflex [/ʃ/]
[t̪]		tok	tool
[ʈ]	[r][t̪]	parti^[1]	retroflex [/t/]
[v]		våt	vote

Σπάνιοι ήχοι
	Παραδείγματα	Αγγλική προσέγγιση
[w]	Wales	Wales
[ä]	Zlatan, Bratislava	aha

Φωνήεντα
		Παραδείγματα	Αγγλική προσέγγιση
SWE	FIN	Παραδείγματα	Αγγλική προσέγγιση
[ä]	[ɑ]	matt	cut
[ɑː]		mat	bra
[æ]		värk, verk^[4]	trap
[æː]		ära^[4]	ham
[eː]		fet	mayor
[ɛ]	[e̞]	häll, fett	sell
[ɛː]	[eː]	häl	RP pair
[ɪ]	[i]	sill	hit
[iː]		sil	leave
[ɔ]	[o̞]	moll^[5]	off
[o̫]		mål^[5]	floor
[œ̫˔]	[ø]	nött^[5]	κάπως σαν hurt
[œ̫˔]	[œ]	börja^[4]^[5]	κάπως σαν hurt
[œ̫]		öra^[4]^[5]	κάπως σαν herd
[ø̫]		nöt^[5]	κάπως σαν herd
[ɵ̞]	[ʉ]	full, musik^[5]^[6]	moot
[ʏ̈]	[ʉ]		moot
[ɪᵝ]		ful^[5]^[7]	mood
[ʊ͍]	[u]	bott^[5]	wool
[u͍]		bot^[5]	rule
[ʏ̫]	[y]	syll^[5]^[8]	κάπως σαν cute
[yʷ]		syl^[5]^[7]	κάπως σαν να cube

Υπερτμηματικά
		Παραδείγματα	Εξήγηση
SWE	FIN	Παραδείγματα	Εξήγηση
[ˈ◌̌]	[ˈ◌]	anden [[ˈǎnːdɛn]] 'η πάπια'	τόνος 1 / οξεία έμφαση: τόνος ανόδου-πτώσης στη Στοκχόλμη: [ˈǎnːdɛ̂n] (βοήθεια·λήψη) χαμηλός-ανερχόμενος τόνος στο Γκέτεμποργκ: [[ˈànːdɛ̌n]] πτώσης-χαμηλός τόνος στο Μάλμε: [[ˈânːdɛ̀n]]
[ˈ◌̂]	[ˈ◌]	anden [[ˈânːdɛn]] 'το πνεύμα'	τόνος πτώσης-πτώσης στη Στοκχόλμη: [ˈânːdɛ̂n] (βοήθεια·λήψη) τόνος πτώσης-ανόδου στο Γκέτεμποργκ: [[ˈânːdɛ̌n]] τόνος ανόδου-πτώσης στο Μάλμε: [[ˈǎnːdɛ̂n]]
[ˌ]		Oxenstierna [[ˈʊ̂ksɛnˌɧæːɳa]]'Τα μονοπάτια των βοδιών'	δευτερεύον τονικότητα, όπως στη λέξη intonation
[ː]		Helsingfors [hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː] (βοήθεια·λήψη)'Χέλσινκι'	δίδυμο σύμφωνο: fresh shrimp (φρέσκες γαρίδες)^[9]

1 2 3 4 5 In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of [/r/] and dental consonants [/rd/], [/rl/], [/rn/], [/rs/], [/rt/] produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are [[ʁd]], [[ʁl]], [[ʁn]], [[ʁs]], [[ʁt]]. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
↑ Sweden Swedish [/ɧ/] varies regionally and is sometimes [x], [ɸ], or [ʂ].
↑ [/r/] varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently [[r]] in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ], similar to in English genre or vision.
1 2 3 4 Before [/r/], the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels [/ɛ/] and [/ɛː/] are lowered to [æ] and [æː] (except certain instances of unstressed [/ɛ/]), whereas the rounded [/œ/] ([œ̫˔]) and [/øː/] are lowered to open-mid [œ̫] and [œ̫]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid [[œ˔]] and the open-mid [[œ]], with both being transcribed as ⟨[œ]⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ] (which they tend to merge with [/ɵ/] into [ɵ̞]) and [ɶː].
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 In Sweden, [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[ɔ], [o̫], [œ̫˔], [œ̫], [ø̫], [ʏ̫], [y̫]]]]] are protruded vowels, while [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[ɵ̞], [ʏ̈], [ʏ͍], [ʊ͍], [u͍]]]]] are compressed. Instead, [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[œ͍], [œ͍], [ø͍], [ø͍], [ʉ], [ʉː], [y͍], [y͍]]]]] are compressed, while only [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[o̞], [o̞], [u̫], [u̫]]]]] are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish [[y]] and [[yː]] sound closer to Sweden Swedish [[ʉ]] and [[ʉː]], which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.
↑ [ɵ̞] and [ʏ̈] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme [/ɵ/] (stressed [/ɵ/] is always realized as [[ɵ]]):
1 2 The distinction between compressed [ʏ͍] and protruded [y̫] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
↑ Σφάλμα αναφοράς: Σφάλμα παραπομπής: Λανθασμένο <ref>. Δεν υπάρχει κείμενο για τις παραπομπές με όνομα closerounded1.
↑ Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.

[retroflex-1] 1 2 3 4 5 In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of [/r/] and dental consonants [/rd/], [/rl/], [/rn/], [/rs/], [/rt/] produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are [[ʁd]], [[ʁl]], [[ʁn]], [[ʁs]], [[ʁt]]. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.

[2] Sweden Swedish [/ɧ/] varies regionally and is sometimes [x], [ɸ], or [ʂ].

[3] [/r/] varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently [[r]] in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ], similar to in English genre or vision.

[rhotic-4] 1 2 3 4 Before [/r/], the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels [/ɛ/] and [/ɛː/] are lowered to [æ] and [æː] (except certain instances of unstressed [/ɛ/]), whereas the rounded [/œ/] ([œ̫˔]) and [/øː/] are lowered to open-mid [œ̫] and [œ̫]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid [[œ˔]] and the open-mid [[œ]], with both being transcribed as ⟨[œ]⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ] (which they tend to merge with [/ɵ/] into [ɵ̞]) and [ɶː].

[roundedness-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 In Sweden, [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[ɔ], [o̫], [œ̫˔], [œ̫], [ø̫], [ʏ̫], [y̫]]]]] are protruded vowels, while [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[ɵ̞], [ʏ̈], [ʏ͍], [ʊ͍], [u͍]]]]] are compressed. Instead, [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[œ͍], [œ͍], [ø͍], [ø͍], [ʉ], [ʉː], [y͍], [y͍]]]]] are compressed, while only [[[Βοήθεια:Οδηγός προφοράς IPA|[[o̞], [o̞], [u̫], [u̫]]]]] are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish [[y]] and [[yː]] sound closer to Sweden Swedish [[ʉ]] and [[ʉː]], which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.

[shortu-6] [ɵ̞] and [ʏ̈] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme [/ɵ/] (stressed [/ɵ/] is always realized as [[ɵ]]):

[closerounded2-7] 1 2 The distinction between compressed [ʏ͍] and protruded [y̫] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:

[closerounded1-8] Σφάλμα αναφοράς: Σφάλμα παραπομπής: Λανθασμένο <ref>. Δεν υπάρχει κείμενο για τις παραπομπές με όνομα closerounded1.

[9] Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.

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